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<h2>Running for shelter</h2>
<p>U-M alum Brendan LaFrenier ran 200 miles across Michigan in four days, from Lake St. Clair to Lake Michigan, raising more than $33,000 for homeless shelters across the state. With his friend and U-M alum Nick DelFranco, LaFrenier co-founded Endurance for Change, which combines endurance, film making, and community service.</p>
<p><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20260808043645/https://news.umich.edu/running-for-shelter-u-m-alums-200-mile-quest-boosts-homeless-across-the-state/"><span>Read the story</span><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i></a></p>
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<h2>Knee exoskeletons for arthritis relief, mobility</h2>
<p>Building on the success of projects to boost strength by adding motors to conventional knee, hip and ankle braces, a University of Michigan team is exploring how well this approach could work for relieving knee pain from osteoarthritis.</p>
<p><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20260808043645/https://news.umich.edu/powering-every-step-2m-to-develop-knee-exoskeletons-for-arthritis-relief-mobility/"><span>Learn more about this research</span><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i></a></p>
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<h2>Ode to the aeronauts</h2>
<p>Up, Up, and Away: A History of Ballooning in America, invites visitors to journey into the remarkable history of ballooning—an era of daring invention, public spectacle, and new ways of seeing the world. This exhibit examines the history of balloon flight in the United States from Blanchard’s first ascension in 1793 to the early 20th century, when ballooning became part of popular culture.</p>
<p><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20260808043645/https://news.umich.edu/ode-to-the-aeronauts-hot-air-ballooning-exhibit-opens-at-u-ms-clements-library/"><span>Learn more about the exhibit</span><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i></a></p>
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<h2>Community co-designed wave energy prototypes</h2>
<p>Researchers from U-M Engineering went to Beaver Island to demo prototype wave energy converters during the Island’s 11th annual sustainability fair. But this wasn’t a generic technology demonstration—the U-M team had designed their prototypes based on use cases envisioned by Beaver Island residents.</p>
<p><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20260808043645/https://me.engin.umich.edu/news-events/news/community-co-designed-wave-energy-prototypes-demonstrated-in-lake-michigan/"><span>Learn more about this research</span><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i></a></p>
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<li class="always-show"><a href="/web/20260808043645/https://umich.edu/schools-colleges/" class="infographic-one"><em class="hidden">19 schools and colleges — see complete list</em><span>see complete list<i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i></span></a></li>
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<h3>Detroit Neighborhood Entrepreneurs Project</h3>
<p>Formed a decade ago to connect Detroit businesses with University of Michigan expertise, the Detroit Neighborhood Entrepreneurs Project is leveraging AI to augment its human help.</p>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20260808043645/https://news.umich.edu/u-ms-detroit-neighborhood-entrepreneurs-project-leans-into-ai-to-support-small-businesses/"><span>Learn more about this project<i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i></span></a>
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<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20260808043645/https://news.umich.edu/cyclospora-questions-confusion-return-as-michigan-reports-2-deaths-connected-to-the-food-borne-parasite/">
<span>
Cyclospora: Questions, confusion return as Michigan reports 2 deaths </span>
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<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20260808043645/https://news.umich.edu/about-4-in-10-michiganders-struggle-to-afford-basic-needs-same-as-last-year/">
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About 4 in 10 Michiganders struggle to afford basic needs, same as last year </span>
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#Nature isn't one-size-fits-all, U-M study finds </span>
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In rural Tanzania, solar-powered pumps bring clean water closer to home </span>
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<span>
Teaching AI—and humans—to prevent medication dispensing errors </span>
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<h4><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20260808043645/https://news.umich.edu/"><span>Visit Michigan News<i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i></span></a></h4>
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<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20260808043645/https://gizmodo.com/over-26000-us-public-parks-border-a-toxic-superfund-site-but-its-worse-than-that-2000795690">
<span class="outlet">Gizmodo</span>
<span>Over 26,000 US public parks border a toxic superfund site—but it's worse than that</span>
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<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20260808043645/https://abcnews.com/video/135443629/">
<span class="outlet">ABC News</span>
<span>Understanding the proposed shipping routes for the Strait of Hormuz</span>
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<span class="outlet">National Geographic</span>
<span>The breakthrough that could end preeclampsia, a leading cause of maternal deaths</span>
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<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20260808043645/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/fda-nicotine-pouch-zyn-marketing-health/">
<span class="outlet">CBS News</span>
<span>As FDA approves new marketing for nicotine pouches, some doctors sound alarms</span>
</a></li>
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<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20260808043645/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ebesO3K6Zx4" data-vid="ebesO3K6Zx4">
<h3>2026 Spring Commencement Recap</h3>
<div class="preview">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=videos-remote&id=ebesO3K6Zx4&name=maxresdefault.jpg&width=500" alt="#GoBlue. It was a memorable day 💛💙
#Victors2026 #MGoGrad
This video was created by UMSocial and Public Engagement, a unit of the Office of the Vice President for Communications." loading="lazy"/>
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<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20260808043645/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UAHVKSDUVk" data-vid="_UAHVKSDUVk">
<h3>2026 Spring Commencement Honorary Degree Recipients | University of Michigan</h3>
<div class="preview">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=videos-remote&id=_UAHVKSDUVk&name=maxresdefault.jpg&width=500" alt="At the University of Michigan, we continue our tradition of celebrating excellence with our 2026 Spring Commencement honorary degrees.
Recipients serve the greater good of society with distinction, and inspire the next generation of graduates." loading="lazy"/>
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<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20260808043645/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dm5dsPVeVu0" data-vid="Dm5dsPVeVu0">
<h3>2026 MGoGrad: All Paths Lead to the Big House</h3>
<div class="preview">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=videos-remote&id=Dm5dsPVeVu0&name=maxresdefault.jpg&width=500" alt="Tomorrow, the unique paths of each member of the Class of 2026 come together at Spring Commencement. We can’t wait to celebrate you, Wolverines!
This video was created by UMSocial and Public Engagement, a unit of the Office of the Vice President for Communications." loading="lazy"/>
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<p class="more"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20260808043645/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtOyfg1Cekg4aq6dANR_KXSTycDxb6JSL"><span>Watch More Videos <i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right" aria-hidden="false"></i></span></a></p>
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<span class="event-date">Aug <span class="event-date-day">8</span></span>
<span class="title">Walking Tour: The Origins of the Law Quadrangle</span>
<span class="subtitle block">The Law Quad</span>
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<span class="title">Sunday Drop-In Tour | Highlights of the Kelsey</span>
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<span class="title">ITS Teaching & Learning 2026 Summit</span>
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<span class="title">Dancing with the Dragon | Dragon Dance at Detroit Tigers Game</span>
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<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20260808043645/http://events.umich.edu/event/148193">
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<span class="title">Connect on CommonGround: Dialogue workshops for incoming Wolverines</span>
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<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20260808043645/http://events.umich.edu/event/136608">
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<span class="event-date">Aug 12</span>
<span class="title">ITS Teaching & Learning 2026 Summit</span>
</span>
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<h3>Academic Calendar</h3>
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<li>Aug 17</li>
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<span>Classes end (Summer Half)</span>
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<li>Aug 18</li>
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<span>Study Day</span>
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<span>Full Term and Summer Half Term end</span>
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<span>Classes begin fall term</span>
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<span>Labor Day (holiday)</span>
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<li>Oct 19-20</li>
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<span>Fall study break</span>
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<h2 id="gallery-label">Carpe Diem</h2>
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<h3>All Michigan, all the time</h3>
<p>There’s always something amazing happening at Michigan. Whether it’s on campus or around the world, our students, faculty, staff and alumni are out seizing the day. A sampling of images captured over the years is shown in the gallery below.</p>
</div>
</div>
<ul class="clear">
<li class="grid-4">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=113&name=ResearchDIL-19Aug14_DM%28136%29.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="A fellow in the Castro Lab studies brain tumor biology." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">1:29 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-4">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=245&name=MCOMMONS-FallColors1108-2.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="A student in a white sweater sits on the grass in the Law Quad surrounded by leaves. Overhead, the sun filtered through the branches on a tree covered in vibrant orange leaves." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">1:54 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-4">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=143&name=CovidCampusStockApr20%2852%29.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="A student walking along State Street in front of the eight Doric columns that surround the entrance to Angell Hall." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">2:18 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-4">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=163&name=MCOMMONS-UMMNH-3.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="The mastodons and prehistoric whale fossils hanging in the main atrium of the University of Michigan Museum of Natural History." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">2:20 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-9">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=235&name=MCOMMONS-FallColors1021-014.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="The brass wolverine statue on North Campus sits under trees with bright orange and golden fall leaves." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">2:20 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-9">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=237&name=MCOMMONS-FallColors1021-019.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="Students walk past the golden trees planted outside of the Bob and Betty Beyster Building on a clear fall day." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">2:13 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-9">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=13&name=DIL-17Apr12-Slideshow%28056%29.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="Graduating students post a favorite memory on a chalkboard during a Senior Send-Off event." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">3:47 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-9">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=16&name=DIL-17Apr12-Slideshow%28065%29.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="The study room in Michigan Union filled with students cramming for final exams." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">3:47 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-9">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=217&name=MCOMMONS-BeWellInTheBigHouse-12.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="An attendee at Be Well in the Big House in a pink shirt, black skirt, and glasses runs and smiles on the field. Behind her, two other attendees in blue shirts and dark pants walk across the field." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">3:36 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-16">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=37&name=DIL24Oct11-Slideshow_PS%28035%29.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="A student writes a letter to Michigan Governor Rick Snyder at the "One" Campaign tent at the Diag." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">3:05 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-16">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=41&name=DIL24Oct11-Slideshow_PS%28041%29.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="A Lloyd Hall Scholars Program staff member and a student plot out a mural for Palmer Commons as part of an Art in Public Spaces project." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">3:47 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-16">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=153&name=StudentVaccinesApr21-20.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="Smit Patel, pharmacist at Kroger administering vaccine. Justin McCree, junior at Ross School, receiving vaccine." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">4:51 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-16">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=155&name=StudentVaccinesApr21-19.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="Emily Ingalls, 4th year Pharmacy student administering vaccine" data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">4:47 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-16">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=211&name=MCOMMONS-BeWellInTheBigHouse-07.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="Attendees do yoga on mats on the field at the Michigan Stadium during Be Well In the Big House." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">4:24 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-16">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=277&name=MCOMMONS-NewStudentConvocation2024-09.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="New students take to their feet to sing and clap along with an a cappella group performing in Crisler Center at Fall 2024 New Student Convocation." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">4:40 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-16">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=82&name=DIL-6Aug13-Slideshow%28053%29.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="A music student visiting from Korea reads notes while relaxing on a bench at the U-M Law Quad." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">4:37 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-25">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=47&name=DIL24Oct11-Slideshow_PS%28051%29.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="Landscape architecture students in the School of Natural Resources and Environment move concrete as they work on a class project to design and build a landscaping feature on the east side of Dana Hall." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">5:42 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-25">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=50&name=DIL24Oct11-Slideshow_PS%28055%29.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="Rowing teams practice on the Huron River." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">5:48 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-25">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=51&name=DIL24Oct11-Slideshow_PS%28057%29.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="University Musical Society members share a laugh over dinner at the Pizza House where they were meeting with other UMS members." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">6:04 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-25">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=53&name=DIL24Oct11-Slideshow_PS%28059%29.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="Students visit on a lawn in front of the law quad." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">6:35 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-25">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=88&name=DIL-6Aug13-Slideshow%28069%29.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="A U-M police officer and his K-9 dog out on campus patrol." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">7:44 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-25">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=89&name=DIL-6Aug13-Slideshow%28070%29.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="A marching band saxophonist works on precision marching with the help of a fellow bandmate at Elbel Field." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">7:52 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-25">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=267&name=MCOMMONS-LunarEclipseNightShots-09.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="Students sit on stone benches along the perimeter of the Diag in front of the Hatcher Graduate Library illuminated by light posts under a clear dark night sky." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">9:19 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-25">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=281&name=MCOMMONS-NorthernLightsOctober2024-1.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="The northern lights fill the night sky near Burton Tower with waves of vibrant green light on a clear fall night following a solar storm." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">10:03 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="grid-25">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=61&name=DIL24Oct11-Slideshow_PS%28071%29.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="Students eat, study and hang out in the dinning room of Michigan Union." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">10:27 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=63&name=DIL24Oct11-Slideshow_PS%28073%29.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="A graduate student studies in the busy lounge at the Michigan Union." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">10:43 pm</span>
</li>
<li class="">
<img src="/web/20260808043645im_/https://umich.edu/includes/image/?type=gallery&id=18&name=DIL-17Apr12-Slideshow%28074%29.jpg&width=152&height=152&mode=minfit" alt="A student studies into the next day in the Law School Reading Room." data-credits="" loading="lazy"/>
<span class="time">11:59 pm</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span>
<span>Early approaches</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span>
<span>cMOOCs and xMOOCs</span>
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<span>Emergence of MOOC providers</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span>
<span>Notable providers</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span>
<span>Instructor role and quality assurance</span>
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<span>Student experience and pedagogy</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span>
<span>Educator experience</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span>
<span>Instructional design</span>
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<span>Industry</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span>
<span>Fee opportunities</span>
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<span>Benefits</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span>
<span>Improving access to higher education</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span>
<span>Providing an affordable alternative to formal education</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span>
<span>Sustainable development goals</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span>
<span>Offers a flexible learning schedule</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span>
<span>Online collaboration</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span>
<span>Criticisms and challenges</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span>
<span>Certification and credentialing</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span>
<span>Completion rates</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span>
<span>The experience of English language learners in MOOCs</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span>
<span>Curation</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span>
<span>See also</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span>
<span>References</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span>
<span>Citations</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span>
<span>Sources</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span>
<span>Further reading</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span>
<span>External links</span>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span lang="en" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Massive open online course</span></span></h1>
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<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massiewe_oop_aanlynkursus" title="Massiewe oop aanlynkursus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Massiewe oop aanlynkursus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="مساق هائل مفتوح عبر الإنترنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مساق هائل مفتوح عبر الإنترنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCtl%C9%99vi_A%C3%A7%C4%B1q_Onlayn_Kurs" title="Kütləvi Açıq Onlayn Kurs – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kütləvi Açıq Onlayn Kurs" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="मैसिव ओपेन ऑनलाइन कोर्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मैसिव ओपेन ऑनलाइन कोर्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curs_en_l%C3%ADnia_obert_i_massiu" title="Curs en línia obert i massiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Curs en línia obert i massiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_open_online_course" title="Massive open online course – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Massive open online course" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_Open_Online_Course" title="Massive Open Online Course – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Massive Open Online Course" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Μαζικά ανοικτά διαδικτυακά μαθήματα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαζικά ανοικτά διαδικτυακά μαθήματα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOOC" title="MOOC – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="MOOC" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_Open_Online_Course" title="Massive Open Online Course – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Massive Open Online Course" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOOC" title="MOOC – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="MOOC" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOOC" title="MOOC – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="MOOC" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="دوره آزاد انبوه برخط – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوره آزاد انبوه برخط" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoin_verkkokurssi" title="Avoin verkkokurssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avoin verkkokurssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_open_online_course" title="Massive open online course – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Massive open online course" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קורס פתוח מקוון מרובה משתתפים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קורס פתוח מקוון מרובה משתתפים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_open_online_course" title="Massive open online course – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Massive open online course" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%81_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Զանգվածային բաց առցանց դասընթացներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զանգվածային բաց առցանց դասընթացներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursus_daring_terbuka_massal" title="Kursus daring terbuka massal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kursus daring terbuka massal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOOC" title="MOOC – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="MOOC" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOOC" title="MOOC – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="MOOC" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_open_online_course" title="Massive open online course – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Massive open online course" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOOC" title="MOOC – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="MOOC" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മാസീവ് ഓപൺ ഓൺലൈൻ കോഴ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാസീവ് ഓപൺ ഓൺലൈൻ കോഴ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_open_online_course" title="Massive open online course – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Massive open online course" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massivt_%C3%A5pent_nettkurs" title="Massivt åpent nettkurs – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Massivt åpent nettkurs" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masowy_otwarty_kurs_online" title="Masowy otwarty kurs online – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Masowy otwarty kurs online" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOOC" title="MOOC – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="MOOC" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_open_online_course" title="Massive open online course – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Massive open online course" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81" title="Массовый открытый онлайн-курс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Массовый открытый онлайн-курс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurs_i_hapur_masiv_n%C3%AB_Internet" title="Kurs i hapur masiv në Internet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kurs i hapur masiv në Internet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovni_otvoreni_onlajn_kurs" title="Masovni otvoreni onlajn kurs – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Masovni otvoreni onlajn kurs" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooc" title="Mooc – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mooc" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பாரிய திறந்த இணைப்பு வகுப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாரிய திறந்த இணைப்பு வகுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%81" title="มู้ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มู้ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitlesel_A%C3%A7%C4%B1k_%C3%87evrimi%C3%A7i_Ders" title="Kitlesel Açık Çevrimiçi Ders – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kitlesel Açık Çevrimiçi Ders" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Масові відкриті онлайн-курси – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Масові відкриті онлайн-курси" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc_tr%E1%BB%B1c_tuy%E1%BA%BFn_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_ch%C3%BAng_m%E1%BB%9F" title="Khóa học trực tuyến đại chúng mở – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khóa học trực tuyến đại chúng mở" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E8%AF%BE%E5%A0%82" title="大规模开放在线课堂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大规模开放在线课堂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li>
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</div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr" data-mw-parsoid-version="0.24.0.0-alpha19" data-mw-html-version="2.8.0"><section data-mw-section-id="0" id="mwAQ"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none" about="#mwt1" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAg" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Short description","href":"./Template:Short_description"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Education service on the web"}},"i":0}}]}'>Education service on the web</div><span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt1"><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_short_description"/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata"/></span>
<span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt2" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAw" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"For","href":"./Template:For"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"a list of the main MOOC providers"},"2":{"wt":"List of MOOC providers"}},"i":0}}]}'><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1368532237" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" about="#mwt3" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Hatnote/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'>.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+.mw-empty-elt+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></span><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt2" id="mwBA">For a list of the main MOOC providers, see <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MOOC_providers" title="List of MOOC providers">List of MOOC providers</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt" id="mwBQ"><span typeof="mw:Nowiki mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt4" id="mwBg" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Use dmy dates","href":"./Template:Use_dmy_dates"},"params":{"date":{"wt":"October 2017"}},"i":0}}]}'></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2017" about="#mwt4" id="mwBw"/></p>
<span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt5" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwCA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Update","href":"./Template:Update"},"params":{"date":{"wt":"January 2026"}},"i":0}}]}'><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1364180890" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" about="#mwt6" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Message box/ambox.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'>.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+.mw-empty-elt+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+.mw-empty-elt+.mw-empty-elt+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style></span><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation" about="#mwt5"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/60px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/120px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" data-file-type="drawing" height="34" width="42" class="mw-file-element"/></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2026</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt5"><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_January_2026"/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating"/></span>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwCQ"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MOOC_poster_mathplourde.png" class="mw-file-description" id="mwCg"><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MOOC_poster_mathplourde.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/MOOC_poster_mathplourde.png/330px-MOOC_poster_mathplourde.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/MOOC_poster_mathplourde.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="518" data-file-type="bitmap" height="207" width="330" class="mw-file-element mw-file-upright" style="--mw-file-upright: 1.3" id="mwCw"/></a><figcaption id="mwDA">Poster, entitled "MOOC, every letter is negotiable", exploring the meaning of the words "massive open online course"</figcaption></figure>
<p id="mwDQ">A <b id="mwDg">massive open online course</b> (<b id="mwDw">MOOC</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap" about="#mwt7" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwEA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPAc-en","href":"./Template:IPAc-en"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"m"},"2":{"wt":"uː"},"3":{"wt":"k"}},"i":0}}]}'><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or an <b id="mwEQ">open online course</b> is an <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_course" title="Online course" class="mw-redirect" id="mwEg">online course</a> aimed at unlimited participation and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access" id="mwEw">open access</a> via the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web" id="mwFA">Web</a>.<sup about="#mwt10" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-1"}}'><a href="#cite_note-1" id="mwFQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwFg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwFw">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwGA">]</span></span></a></sup> In addition to traditional course materials, such as filmed lectures, readings, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_set" title="Problem set" id="mwGQ">problem sets</a>, many MOOCs provide <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_course" title="Interactive course" id="mwGg">interactive courses</a> with user forums or social media discussions to support community interactions among students, professors, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching_assistant" title="Teaching assistant" id="mwGw">teaching assistants</a> (TAs), as well as immediate feedback to quick quizzes and assignments. MOOCs are a widely researched development in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education" id="mwHA">distance education</a>,<sup about="#mwt11" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-CFP_2-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"CFP"}}'><a href="#cite_note-CFP-2" id="mwHQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwHg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwHw">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwIA">]</span></span></a></sup> first introduced in 2008,<sup about="#mwt12" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-3"}}'><a href="#cite_note-3" id="mwIQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwIg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwIw">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwJA">]</span></span></a></sup> that emerged as a popular mode of learning in 2012.<sup about="#mwt15" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NYTimes030613_4-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYTimes030613"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYTimes030613-4"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes030613-4" id="mwJQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwJg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwJw">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwKA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt18" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":1"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:1-5"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:1-5" id="mwKQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwKg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwKw">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwLA">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwLQ">Early MOOCs (cMOOCs: Connectivist MOOCs) often emphasized open-access features, such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_content" title="Open content" class="mw-redirect" id="mwLg">open licensing</a> of content, structure and learning goals, to promote the reuse and remixing of resources. Some later MOOCs (xMOOCs: extended MOOCs) use closed licenses for their course materials while maintaining free access for students.<sup about="#mwt20" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MOOC_Misnomer_6-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MOOC Misnomer"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-MOOC_Misnomer-6"}}'><a href="#cite_note-MOOC_Misnomer-6" id="mwLw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwMA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwMQ">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwMg">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt23" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-7" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-7"}}'><a href="#cite_note-7" id="mwMw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwNA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwNQ">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwNg">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt26" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-RemixInfoWeek_8-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"RemixInfoWeek"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-RemixInfoWeek-8"}}'><a href="#cite_note-RemixInfoWeek-8" id="mwNw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwOA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwOQ">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwOg">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt28" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL_9-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"in AIS Electronic Library AISeL"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL-9"}}'><a href="#cite_note-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL-9" id="mwOw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwPA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwPQ">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwPg">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt29" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwPw" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"toclimit","href":"./Template:Toclimit"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"3"}},"i":0}}]}'><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" about="#mwt30" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:TOC limit/styles.css"}}'>.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></span><div class="toclimit-3" about="#mwt29" id="mwQA"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/></div>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="1" id="mwQQ" aria-labelledby="History"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwQg"><span id="mwQw"><video poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/What_is_a_MOOC.ogv/250px--What_is_a_MOOC.ogv.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" height="141" width="250" resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:What_is_a_MOOC.ogv" data-durationhint="267" class="mw-file-element" id="mwRA"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/What_is_a_MOOC.ogv?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=job&utm_content=original" type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"' data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" id="mwRQ"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/What_is_a_MOOC.ogv/What_is_a_MOOC.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="426" data-height="240" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" id="mwRg"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/What_is_a_MOOC.ogv/What_is_a_MOOC.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="854" data-height="480" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" id="mwRw"/></video></span><figcaption id="mwSA">What is a MOOC?, December 2010</figcaption></figure>
<section data-mw-section-id="2" id="mwSQ" aria-labelledby="Precursors"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt31" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwSg" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Distance learning"}},"i":0}}]}'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237" about="#mwt32" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Hatnote/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt31" id="mwSw">Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_learning" title="Distance learning" class="mw-redirect">Distance learning</a></div>
<p id="mwTA">Before the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Age" title="Digital Age" class="mw-redirect" id="mwTQ">Digital Age</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_learning" title="Distance learning" class="mw-redirect" id="mwTg">distance learning</a> appeared in the form of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_courses" title="Correspondence courses" class="mw-redirect" id="mwTw">correspondence courses</a> in the 1890s–1920s and later radio and television broadcast of courses and early forms of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning" title="E-learning" class="mw-redirect" id="mwUA">e-learning</a>. Typically fewer than five percent of the students would complete a course.<sup about="#mwt35" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":5"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:5-10"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:5-10" id="mwUQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwUg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwUw">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwVA">]</span></span></a></sup> For example the Stanford Honors Cooperative Program, established in 1954, eventually offered video classes on-site at companies, at night, leading to a fully accredited Master's degree. This program was controversial because the companies paid double the normal tuition paid by full-time students.<sup about="#mwt38" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:6_11-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":6"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:6-11"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:6-11" id="mwVQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwVg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwVw">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwWA">]</span></span></a></sup> The 2000s saw changes in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning" title="E-learning" class="mw-redirect" id="mwWQ">online, or e-learning</a> and distance education, with increasing online presence, open learning opportunities, and the development of MOOCs.<sup about="#mwt41" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-blogs.cetis.org.uk_12-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"blogs.cetis.org.uk"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-blogs.cetis.org.uk-12"}}'><a href="#cite_note-blogs.cetis.org.uk-12" id="mwWg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwWw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwXA">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwXQ">]</span></span></a></sup> By 2010 audiences for the most popular college courses such as "Justice" with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Sandel" title="Michael J. Sandel" class="mw-redirect" id="mwXg">Michael J. Sandel</a> and "Human Anatomy" with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Diamond" title="Marian Diamond" id="mwXw">Marian Diamond</a> were reaching millions.<sup about="#mwt44" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:7_13-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":7"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:7-13"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:7-13" id="mwYA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwYQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwYg">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwYw">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="3" id="mwZA" aria-labelledby="Early_approaches"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_approaches">Early approaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwZQ"><span id="mwZg"><video poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/George_Siemens_interview_on_MOOCs_and_Open_Education.webm/250px--George_Siemens_interview_on_MOOCs_and_Open_Education.webm.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" height="141" width="250" resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Siemens_interview_on_MOOCs_and_Open_Education.webm" data-durationhint="659" class="mw-file-element" id="mwZw"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/George_Siemens_interview_on_MOOCs_and_Open_Education.webm?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=job&utm_content=original" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-file-width="568" data-file-height="320" id="mwaA"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/George_Siemens_interview_on_MOOCs_and_Open_Education.webm/George_Siemens_interview_on_MOOCs_and_Open_Education.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="426" data-height="240" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" id="mwaQ"/></video></span><figcaption id="mwag">George Siemens interview</figcaption></figure>
<p id="mwaw">The first MOOCs emerged from the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources" id="mwbA">open educational resources</a> (OER) movement, which was sparked by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_OpenCourseWare" title="MIT OpenCourseWare" id="mwbQ">MIT OpenCourseWare</a> project.<sup about="#mwt47" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:8_14-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":8"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:8-14"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:8-14" id="mwbg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwbw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwcA">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwcQ">]</span></span></a></sup> The OER movement was motivated from work by researchers who pointed out that class size and learning outcomes had no established connection. Here, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Barwick" title="Daniel Barwick" id="mwcg">Daniel Barwick</a>'s work is the most often-cited example.<sup about="#mwt50" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:9_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":9"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:9-15"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:9-15" id="mwcw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwdA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwdQ">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwdg">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt53" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-16" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-16"}}'><a href="#cite_note-16" id="mwdw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mweA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mweQ">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mweg">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwew">Within the OER movement, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiversity" title="Wikiversity" id="mwfA">Wikiversity</a> was founded in 2006 and the first open course on the platform was organised in 2007. A ten-week course with more than 70 students was used to test the idea of making Wikiversity an open and free platform for education in the tradition of Scandinavian free adult education, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school" id="mwfQ">Folk High School</a> and the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_school_movement" title="Free school movement" id="mwfg">free school movement</a>.<sup about="#mwt56" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-17" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-17"}}'><a href="#cite_note-17" id="mwfw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwgA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwgQ">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwgg">]</span></span></a></sup> The term <i id="mwgw">MOOC</i> was coined in 2008 by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Cormier?action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dave Cormier (page does not exist)" class="new" typeof="mw:LocalizedAttrs" id="mwhA" data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Dave Cormier"]}}'>Dave Cormier</a> of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Rivers_University" title="Thompson Rivers University" id="mwhQ">Thompson Rivers University</a> in response to a course called <i id="mwhg">Connectivism and Connective Knowledge</i> (also known as <i id="mwhw">CCK08</i>). CCK08, which was led by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Siemens" title="George Siemens" id="mwiA">George Siemens</a> of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabasca_University" title="Athabasca University" id="mwiQ">Athabasca University</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Downes" title="Stephen Downes" id="mwig">Stephen Downes</a> of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Canada)" title="National Research Council (Canada)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwiw">National Research Council</a>, consisted of 25 tuition-paying students in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education" id="mwjA">Extended Education</a> at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba" id="mwjQ">University of Manitoba</a>, as well as over 2200 online students from the general public who paid nothing.<sup about="#mwt59" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-THE_18-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"THE"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-THE-18"}}'><a href="#cite_note-THE-18" id="mwjg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwjw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwkA">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwkQ">]</span></span></a></sup> All course content was available through <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS" title="RSS" id="mwkg">RSS</a> feeds, and online students could participate through collaborative tools, including blog posts, threaded discussions in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodle" title="Moodle" id="mwkw">Moodle</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Life" title="Second Life" id="mwlA">Second Life</a> meetings.<sup about="#mwt62" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-downes_19-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"downes"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-downes-19"}}'><a href="#cite_note-downes-19" id="mwlQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwlg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwlw">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwmA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt66" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-auto_20-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"auto"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-auto-20"}}'><a href="#cite_note-auto-20" id="mwmQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwmg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwmw">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwnA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt69" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-auto1_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"auto1"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-auto1-21"}}'><a href="#cite_note-auto1-21" id="mwnQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwng"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwnw">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwoA">]</span></span></a></sup> Stephen Downes considers these so-called cMOOCs to be more "creative and dynamic" than the current xMOOCs, which he believes "resemble television shows or digital textbooks".<sup about="#mwt70" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-THE_18-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"THE"}}'><a href="#cite_note-THE-18" id="mwoQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwog"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwow">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwpA">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwpQ">Other cMOOCs were then developed; for example, Jim Groom from The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mary_Washington" title="University of Mary Washington" id="mwpg">University of Mary Washington</a> and Michael Branson Smith of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_College,_City_University_of_New_York" title="York College, City University of New York" id="mwpw">York College, City University of New York</a> hosted MOOCs through several universities starting with 2011's 'Digital Storytelling' (ds106) MOOC.<sup about="#mwt73" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-GROOM_22-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"GROOM"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-GROOM-22"}}'><a href="#cite_note-GROOM-22" id="mwqA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwqQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwqg">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwqw">]</span></span></a></sup> MOOCs from private, non-profit institutions emphasized prominent faculty members and expanded existing distance learning offerings (e.g., podcasts) into free and open online courses.<sup about="#mwt75" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:10_23-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":10"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:10-23"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:10-23" id="mwrA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwrQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwrg">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwrw">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwsA">Alongside the development of these open courses, other E-learning platforms emerged – such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy" id="mwsQ">Khan Academy</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-Peer_University" title="Peer-to-Peer University" class="mw-redirect" id="mwsg">Peer-to-Peer University</a> (P2PU), <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udemy" title="Udemy" id="mwsw">Udemy</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALISON_(company)" title="ALISON (company)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwtA">Alison</a> – which are viewed as similar to MOOCs and work outside the university system or emphasize individual self-paced lessons.<sup about="#mwt77" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-CETIS78_24-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"CETIS78"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-CETIS78-24"}}'><a href="#cite_note-CETIS78-24" id="mwtQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwtg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwtw">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwuA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt80" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Chronicle_25-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Chronicle"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Chronicle-25"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Chronicle-25" id="mwuQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwug"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwuw">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwvA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt83" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-DavidBornstein_26-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"DavidBornstein"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-DavidBornstein-26"}}'><a href="#cite_note-DavidBornstein-26" id="mwvQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwvg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwvw">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwwA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt87" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Information_Week_27-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Information Week"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Information_Week-27"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Information_Week-27" id="mwwQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwwg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwww">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwxA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt90" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NYTIMES_28-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYTIMES"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYTIMES-28"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NYTIMES-28" id="mwxQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwxg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwxw">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwyA">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="4" id="mwyQ" aria-labelledby="cMOOCs_and_xMOOCs"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="cMOOCs_and_xMOOCs">cMOOCs and xMOOCs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: cMOOCs and xMOOCs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwyg"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timeline_of_MOOC_and_open_education_development_with_organisational_efforts_in_the_areas.png" class="mw-file-description" id="mwyw"><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timeline_of_MOOC_and_open_education_development_with_organisational_efforts_in_the_areas.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Timeline_of_MOOC_and_open_education_development_with_organisational_efforts_in_the_areas.png/500px-Timeline_of_MOOC_and_open_education_development_with_organisational_efforts_in_the_areas.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Timeline_of_MOOC_and_open_education_development_with_organisational_efforts_in_the_areas.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="564" data-file-type="bitmap" height="261" width="400" class="mw-file-element mw-file-upright" style="--mw-file-upright: 1.6" id="mwzA"/></a><figcaption id="mwzQ">MOOCs and open-education timeline (updated 2015 version)<sup about="#mwt91" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-blogs.cetis.org.uk_12-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"blogs.cetis.org.uk"}}'><a href="#cite_note-blogs.cetis.org.uk-12" id="mwzg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwzw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw0A">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw0Q">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt94" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-29" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-29"}}'><a href="#cite_note-29" id="mw0g"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw0w"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw1A">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw1Q">]</span></span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p id="mw1g">As MOOCs developed with time, multiple conceptions of the platform seem to have emerged. Mostly two different types can be differentiated: those that emphasize a connectivist philosophy, and those that resemble more traditional courses. To distinguish the two, several early adopters of the platform proposed the terms "cMOOC" and "xMOOC".<sup about="#mwt97" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-30" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-30"}}'><a href="#cite_note-30" id="mw1w"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw2A"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw2Q">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw2g">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt100" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"ReferenceA"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ReferenceA-31"}}'><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31" id="mw2w"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw3A"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw3Q">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw3g">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mw3w">cMOOCs are based on principles from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectivism" title="Connectivism" id="mw4A">connectivist pedagogy</a> indicating that material should be <i id="mw4Q">aggregated</i> (rather than pre-selected), <i id="mw4g"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix#Broader_context" title="Remix" id="mw4w">remixable</a></i>, <i id="mw5A">re-purposable</i>, and <i id="mw5Q">feeding forward</i> (i.e. evolving materials should be targeted at future learning).<sup about="#mwt102" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:11_32-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":11"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:11-32"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:11-32" id="mw5g"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw5w"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw6A">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw6Q">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt104" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:12_33-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":12"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:12-33"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:12-33" id="mw6g"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw6w"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw7A">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw7Q">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt106" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:13_34-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":13"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:13-34"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:13-34" id="mw7g"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw7w"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw8A">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw8Q">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt108" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:14_35-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":14"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:14-35"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:14-35" id="mw8g"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw8w"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw9A">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw9Q">]</span></span></a></sup> cMOOC instructional design approaches attempt to connect learners to each other to answer questions or collaborate on joint projects. This may include emphasizing collaborative development of the MOOC.<sup about="#mwt110" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:15_36-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":15"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:15-36"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:15-36" id="mw9g"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw9w"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw-A">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw-Q">]</span></span></a></sup> Andrew Ravenscroft of the London Metropolitan University claimed that connectivist MOOCs better support collaborative dialogue and knowledge building.<sup about="#mwt112" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Ravenscroft_37-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Ravenscroft"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Ravenscroft-37"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Ravenscroft-37" id="mw-g"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw-w"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw_A">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw_Q">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt114" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Mak_Williams_Mackness_38-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Mak Williams Mackness"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Mak_Williams_Mackness-38"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Mak_Williams_Mackness-38" id="mw_g"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw_w"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAQA">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAQE">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAQI">xMOOCs have a much more traditional course structure. They are characterized by a specified aim of completing the course obtaining certain knowledge certification of the subject matter. They are presented typically with a clearly specified syllabus of recorded lectures and self-test problems. However, some providers require paid subscriptions for acquiring graded materials and certificates. They employ elements of the original MOOC, but are, in some effect, branded IT platforms that offer content distribution partnerships to institutions.<sup about="#mwt115" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"ReferenceA"}}'><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31" id="mwAQM"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAQQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAQU">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAQY">]</span></span></a></sup> The instructor is the expert provider of knowledge, and student interactions are usually limited to asking for assistance and advising each other on difficult points.</p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="5" id="mwAQc" aria-labelledby="Equity_and_access"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equity_and_access">Equity and access</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Equity and access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p id="mwAQg">Access to Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) remains uneven across global populations, affecting individuals such as those with limited literacy and those residing in rural or economically disadvantaged regions. Prototypes for audio-based MOOCs have been created to allow those with limited literacy to use MOOCs.<sup about="#mwt118" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-39" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-39"}}'><a href="#cite_note-39" id="mwAQk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAQo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAQs">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAQw">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="6" id="mwAQ0" aria-labelledby="Emergence_of_MOOC_providers"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emergence_of_MOOC_providers">Emergence of MOOC providers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Emergence of MOOC providers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwAQ4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gartner_Hype_Cycle.svg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAQ8"><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gartner_Hype_Cycle.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gartner_Hype_Cycle.svg/330px-Gartner_Hype_Cycle.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gartner_Hype_Cycle.svg/960px-Gartner_Hype_Cycle.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="363" data-file-type="drawing" height="195" width="300" class="mw-file-element mw-file-upright" style="--mw-file-upright: 1.2" id="mwARA"/></a><figcaption id="mwARE">Dennis Yang, President of MOOC provider <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udemy" title="Udemy" id="mwARI">Udemy</a>, suggested in 2013 that MOOCs were in the midst of a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_cycle" title="Hype cycle" class="mw-redirect" id="mwARM">hype cycle</a>, with expectations undergoing a wild swing.<sup about="#mwt121" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MOOCd_out_40-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MOOCd out"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-MOOCd_out-40"}}'><a href="#cite_note-MOOCd_out-40" id="mwARQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwARU"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwARY">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwARc">]</span></span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure>
<p id="mwARg">Since the 2010s, the industry has an unusual structure, consisting of linked groups including MOOC providers, the larger non-profit sector, universities, related companies and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capitalist" title="Venture capitalist" class="mw-redirect" id="mwARk">venture capitalists</a>. <i id="mwARo"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education" id="mwARs">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i> lists the major providers as the non-profits Khan Academy and edX, and the for-profits Udacity and Coursera.<sup about="#mwt124" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Major_players_41-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Major players"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Major_players-41"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Major_players-41" id="mwARw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAR0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAR4">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAR8">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwASA">The larger non-profit organizations include the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_&_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation" class="mw-redirect" id="mwASE">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a>, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation" title="MacArthur Foundation" id="mwASI">MacArthur Foundation</a>, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation" id="mwASM">National Science Foundation</a>, and the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Council_on_Education" title="American Council on Education" id="mwASQ">American Council on Education</a>. University pioneers include <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford" title="Stanford" class="mw-redirect" id="mwASU">Stanford</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard" title="Harvard" class="mw-redirect" id="mwASY">Harvard</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology" id="mwASc">MIT</a>, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania" id="mwASg">University of Pennsylvania</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology" id="mwASk">Caltech</a>, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin" id="mwASo">University of Texas at Austin</a>, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley" title="University of California at Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" id="mwASs">University of California at Berkeley</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_State_University" title="San Jose State University" id="mwASw">San Jose State University</a>.<sup about="#mwt125" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Major_players_41-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Major players"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Major_players-41" id="mwAS0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAS4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAS8">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwATA">]</span></span></a></sup> Related companies investing in MOOCs include <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google" id="mwATE">Google</a> and educational publisher <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_PLC" title="Pearson PLC" class="mw-redirect" id="mwATI">Pearson PLC</a>. Venture capitalists include <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiner_Perkins_Caufield_&_Byers" title="Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers" class="mw-redirect" id="mwATM">Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Enterprise_Associates" title="New Enterprise Associates" id="mwATQ">New Enterprise Associates</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreessen_Horowitz" title="Andreessen Horowitz" id="mwATU">Andreessen Horowitz</a>.<sup about="#mwt126" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Major_players_41-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Major players"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Major_players-41" id="mwATY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwATc"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwATg">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwATk">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwATo">In the fall of 2011, Stanford University launched three courses.<sup about="#mwt129" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NYT71712_42-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYT71712"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYT71712-42"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NYT71712-42" id="mwATs"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwATw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAT0">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAT4">]</span></span></a></sup> The first of those courses was <i id="mwAT8">Introduction Into AI</i>, launched by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Thrun" title="Sebastian Thrun" id="mwAUA">Sebastian Thrun</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Norvig" title="Peter Norvig" id="mwAUE">Peter Norvig</a>. Enrollment quickly reached 160,000 students. The announcement was followed within weeks by the launch of two more MOOCs, by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ng" title="Andrew Ng" id="mwAUI">Andrew Ng</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Widom" title="Jennifer Widom" id="mwAUM">Jennifer Widom</a>. Following the publicity and high enrollment numbers of these courses, Thrun started a company he named Udacity and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_Koller" title="Daphne Koller" id="mwAUQ">Daphne Koller</a> and Andrew Ng launched Coursera.<sup about="#mwt132" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-43" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-43"}}'><a href="#cite_note-43" id="mwAUU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAUY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAUc">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAUg">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAUk">In January 2013, Udacity launched its first MOOCs-for-credit, in collaboration with San Jose State University. In May 2013, the company announced the first entirely MOOC-based master's degree, a collaboration between Udacity, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT&T" title="AT&T" id="mwAUo">AT&T</a> and the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" title="Georgia Institute of Technology" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAUs">Georgia Institute of Technology</a>, costing $7,000, a fraction of its normal tuition.<sup about="#mwt135" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-44" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-44"}}'><a href="#cite_note-44" id="mwAUw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAU0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAU4">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAU8">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAVA">Concerned about the commercialization of online education, in 2012 MIT created the not-for-profit MITx.<sup about="#mwt138" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-45" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-45"}}'><a href="#cite_note-45" id="mwAVE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAVI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAVM">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAVQ">]</span></span></a></sup> The inaugural course, 6.002x, launched in March 2012. Harvard joined the group, renamed edX, that spring, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley" id="mwAVU">University of California, Berkeley</a> joined in the summer. The initiative then added the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_System" title="University of Texas System" id="mwAVY">University of Texas System</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College" id="mwAVc">Wellesley College</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University" id="mwAVg">Georgetown University</a>.</p>
<p id="mwAVk">In September 2013, edX announced a partnership with Google to develop MOOC.org, a site for non-xConsortium groups to build and host courses. Google will work on the core platform development with edX partners. In addition, Google and edX will collaborate on research into how students learn and how technology can transform learning and teaching. MOOC.org will adopt Google's infrastructure.<sup about="#mwt141" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-46" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-46"}}'><a href="#cite_note-46" id="mwAVo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAVs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAVw">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAV0">]</span></span></a></sup> The Chinese <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University" id="mwAV4">Tsinghua University</a> MOOC platform XuetangX.com (launched Oct. 2013) uses the Open edX platform.<sup about="#mwt144" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:18_47-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":18"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:18-47"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:18-47" id="mwAV8"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAWA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAWE">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAWI">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAWM">Before 2013, each MOOC tended to develop its own delivery platform. EdX in April 2013 joined with Stanford University, which previously had its own platform called Class2Go, to work on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XBlock" title="XBlock" id="mwAWQ">XBlock</a> SDK, a joint open-source platform. It is available to the public under the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License" id="mwAWU">AGPL</a> open source license, which requires that all improvements to the platform be publicly posted and made available under the same license.<sup about="#mwt148" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-edXPressRelease_48-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"edXPressRelease"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-edXPressRelease-48"}}'><a href="#cite_note-edXPressRelease-48" id="mwAWY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAWc"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAWg">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAWk">]</span></span></a></sup> Stanford Vice Provost John Mitchell said that the goal was to provide the "<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux" id="mwAWo">Linux</a> of online learning".<sup about="#mwt151" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Open_Source_49-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Open Source"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Open_Source-49"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Open_Source-49" id="mwAWs"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAWw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAW0">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAW4">]</span></span></a></sup> This is unlike companies such as Coursera that have developed their own platform.<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" about="#mwt145" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAW8" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cn","href":"./Template:Cn"},"params":{"date":{"wt":"May 2026"}},"i":0}}]}'/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2026" about="#mwt145"/><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;" about="#mwt145" id="mwAXA"><span typeof="mw:Entity">[</span><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></a></i><span typeof="mw:Entity">]</span></sup></p>
<p id="mwAXE">By November 2013, edX offered 94 courses from 29 institutions around the world. During its first 13 months of operation (ending March 2013), Coursera offered about 325 courses, with 30% in the sciences, 28% in arts and humanities, 23% in information technology, 13% in business and 6% in mathematics.<sup about="#mwt152" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-SA31313_50-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"SA31313"}}'><a href="#cite_note-SA31313-50" id="mwAXI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAXM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAXQ">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAXU">]</span></span></a></sup> Udacity offered 26 courses. The number of courses offered has since increased dramatically: As of January 2016, edx offers 820 courses, Coursera offers 1580 courses and Udacity offers more than 120 courses. According to FutureLearn, the British Council's Understanding IELTS: Techniques for English Language Tests has an enrollment of over 440,000 students.<sup about="#mwt155" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:19_51-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":19"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:19-51"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:19-51" id="mwAXY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAXc"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAXg">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAXk">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<section data-mw-section-id="7" id="mwAXo" aria-labelledby="Notable_providers"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_providers">Notable providers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable providers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt156" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAXs" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"List of MOOC providers"}},"i":0}}]}'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237" about="#mwt157" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Hatnote/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt156" id="mwAXw">Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MOOC_providers" title="List of MOOC providers">List of MOOC providers</a></div>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="8" id="mwAX0" aria-labelledby="Emergence_of_innovative_courses"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_innovative_courses">Emergence of innovative courses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Emergence of innovative courses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p id="mwAX4">Early cMOOCs such as CCK08 and ds106 used innovative pedagogy (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectivism" title="Connectivism" id="mwAX8">Connectivism</a>), with distributed learning materials rather than a video-lecture format, and a focus on education and learning, and digital storytelling respectively<sup about="#mwt158" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-THE_18-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"THE"}}'><a href="#cite_note-THE-18" id="mwAYA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAYE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAYI">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAYM">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt159" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-downes_19-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"downes"}}'><a href="#cite_note-downes-19" id="mwAYQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAYU"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAYY">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAYc">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt160" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-auto_20-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"auto"}}'><a href="#cite_note-auto-20" id="mwAYg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAYk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAYo">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAYs">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt161" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-auto1_21-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"auto1"}}'><a href="#cite_note-auto1-21" id="mwAYw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAY0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAY4">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAY8">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt162" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-GROOM_22-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"GROOM"}}'><a href="#cite_note-GROOM-22" id="mwAZA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAZE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAZI">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAZM">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAZQ">Following the 2011 launch of three Stanford xMOOCs, including <i id="mwAZU">Introduction Into AI</i>, launched by Sebastian Thrun and Peter Norvig<sup about="#mwt163" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NYT71712_42-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYT71712"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NYT71712-42" id="mwAZY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAZc"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAZg">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAZk">]</span></span></a></sup> a number of other innovative courses have emerged. As of May 2014, more than 900 MOOCs are offered by US universities and colleges. As of February 2013, dozens of universities had affiliated with MOOCs, including many international institutions.<sup about="#mwt166" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NYT022013_52-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYT022013"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYT022013-52"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NYT022013-52" id="mwAZo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAZs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAZw">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAZ0">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt169" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-CHE022113_53-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"CHE022113"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-CHE022113-53"}}'><a href="#cite_note-CHE022113-53" id="mwAZ4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAZ8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAaA">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAaE">]</span></span></a></sup> In addition, some organisations operate their own MOOCs – including Google's Power Search.</p>
<p id="mwAaI">A range of courses have emerged; "There was a real question of whether this would work for humanities and social science", said Ng. However, psychology and philosophy courses are among Coursera's most popular. Student feedback and completion rates suggest that they are as successful as math and science courses<sup about="#mwt172" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-wsj1013_54-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"wsj1013"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-wsj1013-54"}}'><a href="#cite_note-wsj1013-54" id="mwAaM"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAaQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAaU">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAaY">]</span></span></a></sup> even though the corresponding completion rates are lower.<sup about="#mwt173" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL_9-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"in AIS Electronic Library AISeL"}}'><a href="#cite_note-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL-9" id="mwAac"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAag"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAak">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAao">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAas">In January 2012, University of Helsinki launched a Finnish MOOC in programming. The MOOC is used as a way to offer high-schools the opportunity to provide programming courses for their students, even if no local premises or faculty that can organize such courses exist.<sup about="#mwt176" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-VihavainenMOOC2012_55-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"VihavainenMOOC2012"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-VihavainenMOOC2012-55"}}'><a href="#cite_note-VihavainenMOOC2012-55" id="mwAaw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAa0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAa4">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAa8">]</span></span></a></sup> The course has been offered recurringly, and the top-performing students are admitted to a BSc and MSc program in Computer Science at the University of Helsinki.<sup about="#mwt177" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-VihavainenMOOC2012_55-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"VihavainenMOOC2012"}}'><a href="#cite_note-VihavainenMOOC2012-55" id="mwAbA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAbE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAbI">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAbM">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt180" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:20_56-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":20"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:20-56"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:20-56" id="mwAbQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAbU"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAbY">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAbc">]</span></span></a></sup> At a meeting on E-Learning and MOOCs, Jaakko Kurhila, Head of studies for University of Helsinki, Department of Computer Science, claimed that to date, there have been over 8000 participants in their MOOCs altogether.<sup about="#mwt183" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:21_57-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":21"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:21-57"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:21-57" id="mwAbg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAbk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAbo">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAbs">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAbw">On June 18, 2012, Ali Lemus from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_University" title="Galileo University" id="mwAb0">Galileo University</a><sup about="#mwt186" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:22_58-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":22"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:22-58"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:22-58" id="mwAb4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAb8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAcA">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAcE">]</span></span></a></sup> launched the first Latin American MOOC titled "Desarrollando Aplicaciones para iPhone y iPad"<sup about="#mwt189" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:23_59-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":23"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:23-59"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:23-59" id="mwAcI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAcM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAcQ">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAcU">]</span></span></a></sup> This MOOC is a Spanish remix of Stanford University's popular "CS 193P iPhone Application Development" and had 5,380 students enrolled. The technology used to host the MOOC was the Galileo Educational System platform (GES) which is based on the .LRN project.<sup about="#mwt192" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:24_60-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":24"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:24-60"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:24-60" id="mwAcY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAcc"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAcg">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAck">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAco">"Gender Through Comic Books" was a course taught by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_State_University" title="Ball State University" id="mwAcs">Ball State University</a>'s Christina Blanch on Instructure's Canvas Network, a MOOC platform launched in November 2012.<sup about="#mwt195" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-comicbook_61-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"comicbook"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-comicbook-61"}}'><a href="#cite_note-comicbook-61" id="mwAcw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAc0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAc4">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAc8">]</span></span></a></sup> The course used examples from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_books" title="Comic books" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAdA">comic books</a> to teach academic concepts about gender and perceptions.<sup about="#mwt198" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-digitalspy_62-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"digitalspy"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-digitalspy-62"}}'><a href="#cite_note-digitalspy-62" id="mwAdE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAdI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAdM">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAdQ">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAdU">In November 2012, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami" id="mwAdY">University of Miami</a> launched its first high school MOOC as part of Global Academy, its online high school. The course became available for high school students preparing for the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT" title="SAT" id="mwAdc">SAT</a> Subject Test in biology.<sup about="#mwt201" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:25_63-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":25"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:25-63"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:25-63" id="mwAdg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAdk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAdo">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAds">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAdw">During the Spring 2013 semester, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Davidson" title="Cathy Davidson" id="mwAd0">Cathy Davidson</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Ariely" title="Dan Ariely" id="mwAd4">Dan Ariely</a> taught the "Surprise Endings: Social Science and Literature" a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_private_online_course" title="Small private online course" id="mwAd8">SPOC</a> course taught in-person at Duke University and also as a MOOC, with students from Duke running the online discussions.<sup about="#mwt204" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-pappano_64-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"pappano"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-pappano-64"}}'><a href="#cite_note-pappano-64" id="mwAeA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAeE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAeI">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAeM">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAeQ">In the UK of summer 2013, Physiopedia ran their first MOOC regarding Professional Ethics in collaboration with University of the Western Cape in South Africa.<sup about="#mwt207" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:26_65-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":26"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:26-65"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:26-65" id="mwAeU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAeY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAec">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAeg">]</span></span></a></sup> This was followed by a second course in 2014, Physiotherapy Management of Spinal Cord Injuries, which was accredited by the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Confederation_for_Physical_Therapy" title="World Confederation for Physical Therapy" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAek">World Confederation of Physical Therapy</a> and attracted approximately 4000 participants with a 40% completion rate.<sup about="#mwt210" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:27_66-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":27"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:27-66"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:27-66" id="mwAeo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAes"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAew">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAe0">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt213" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:28_67-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":28"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:28-67"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:28-67" id="mwAe4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAe8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAfA">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAfE">]</span></span></a></sup> Physiopedia is the first provider of physiotherapy/physical therapy MOOCs, accessible to participants worldwide.<sup about="#mwt216" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:29_68-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":29"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:29-68"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:29-68" id="mwAfI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAfM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAfQ">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAfU">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAfY">In March 2013, Coursolve piloted a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourced" title="Crowdsourced" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAfc">crowdsourced</a> business strategy course for 100 organizations with the University of Virginia.<sup about="#mwt219" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:30_69-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":30"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:30-69"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:30-69" id="mwAfg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAfk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAfo">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAfs">]</span></span></a></sup> A data science MOOC began in May 2013.<sup about="#mwt222" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:31_70-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":31"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:31-70"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:31-70" id="mwAfw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAf0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAf4">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAf8">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAgA">In May 2013, Coursera announced free e-books for some courses in partnership with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chegg" title="Chegg" id="mwAgE">Chegg</a>, an online textbook-rental company. Students would use Chegg's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader" id="mwAgI">e-reader</a>, which limits copying and printing and could use the book only while enrolled in the class.<sup about="#mwt225" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-etext_71-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"etext"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-etext-71"}}'><a href="#cite_note-etext-71" id="mwAgM"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAgQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAgU">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAgY">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAgc">In June 2013, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill" id="mwAgg">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> launched Skynet University,<sup about="#mwt228" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:32_72-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":32"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:32-72"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:32-72" id="mwAgk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAgo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAgs">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAgw">]</span></span></a></sup> which offers MOOCs on introductory astronomy. Participants gain access to the university's global network of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_telescope" title="Robotic telescope" id="mwAg0">robotic telescopes</a>, including those in the Chilean Andes and Australia.</p>
<p id="mwAg4">In July 2013 the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tasmania" title="University of Tasmania" id="mwAg8">University of Tasmania</a> launched <i id="mwAhA">Understanding Dementia</i>. The course had a completion rate of (39%),<sup about="#mwt231" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:33_73-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":33"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:33-73"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:33-73" id="mwAhE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAhI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAhM">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAhQ">]</span></span></a></sup> the course was recognized in the journal <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)" id="mwAhU">Nature</a>.<sup about="#mwt234" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:34_74-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":34"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:34-74"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:34-74" id="mwAhY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAhc"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAhg">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAhk">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAho">Startup Veduca<sup about="#mwt237" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-75" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-75"}}'><a href="#cite_note-75" id="mwAhs"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAhw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAh0">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAh4">]</span></span></a></sup> launched the first MOOCs in Brazil, in partnership with the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_São_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo" id="mwAh8">University of São Paulo</a> in June 2013. The first two courses were Basic Physics, taught by Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato, and Probability and Statistics, taught by Melvin Cymbalista and André Leme Fleury.<sup about="#mwt240" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-76" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-76"}}'><a href="#cite_note-76" id="mwAiA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAiE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAiI">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAiM">]</span></span></a></sup> In the first two weeks following the launch at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_School_of_the_University_of_São_Paulo" title="Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo" id="mwAiQ">Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo</a>, more than 10,000 students enrolled.<sup about="#mwt243" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-CHE8513_77-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"CHE8513"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-CHE8513-77"}}'><a href="#cite_note-CHE8513-77" id="mwAiU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAiY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAic">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAig">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt246" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-78" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-78"}}'><a href="#cite_note-78" id="mwAik"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAio"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAis">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAiw">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAi0">Startup Wedubox (finalist at MassChallenge 2013)<sup about="#mwt249" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-79" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-79"}}'><a href="#cite_note-79" id="mwAi4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAi8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAjA">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAjE">]</span></span></a></sup> launched the first MOOC in finance and third MOOC in Latam, the MOOC was created by Jorge Borrero (MBA Universidad de la Sabana) with the title "WACC and the cost of capital" it reached 2.500 students in Dec 2013 only 2 months after the launch.<sup about="#mwt252" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-80" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-80"}}'><a href="#cite_note-80" id="mwAjI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAjM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAjQ">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAjU">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAjY">In January 2014, Georgia Institute of Technology partnered with Udacity and AT&T to launch their <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Online_Master_of_Science_in_Computer_Science" title="Georgia Tech Online Master of Science in Computer Science" id="mwAjc">Online Master of Science in Computer Science</a> (OMSCS). Priced at $7,000, OMSCS was the first <i id="mwAjg">MOOD</i> (massive online open degree) (Master's degree) in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science" id="mwAjk">computer science</a>.<sup about="#mwt255" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Forbes_81-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Forbes"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Forbes-81"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-81" id="mwAjo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAjs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAjw">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAj0">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt258" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-HuffingtonPost_82-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"HuffingtonPost"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-HuffingtonPost-82"}}'><a href="#cite_note-HuffingtonPost-82" id="mwAj4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAj8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAkA">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAkE">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt261" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Time_83-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Time"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Time-83"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Time-83" id="mwAkI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAkM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAkQ">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAkU">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAkY">In September 2014, the high street retailer, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_&_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer" id="mwAkc">Marks & Spencer</a> partnered up with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds" id="mwAkg">University of Leeds</a> to construct an MOOC business course "which will use case studies from the Company Archive alongside research from the University to show how innovation and people are key to business success. The course will be offered by the UK based MOOC platform, FutureLearn.<sup about="#mwt264" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-84" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-84"}}'><a href="#cite_note-84" id="mwAkk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAko"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAks">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAkw">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAk0">On 16 March 2015, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town" id="mwAk4">University of Cape Town</a> launched its first MOOC, <i id="mwAk8">Medicine and the Arts</i> on the UK-led platform, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurelearn" title="Futurelearn" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAlA">Futurelearn</a>.<sup about="#mwt267" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-85" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-85"}}'><a href="#cite_note-85" id="mwAlE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAlI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAlM">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAlQ">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAlU">In July 2015, OpenClassrooms, jointly with IESA Multimedia, launched the first MOOC-based bachelor's degree in multimedia project management recognized by a French state.<sup about="#mwt270" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-86" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-86"}}'><a href="#cite_note-86" id="mwAlY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAlc"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAlg">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAlk">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAlo">In January 2018, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University" id="mwAls">Brown University</a> opened its first "game-ified" course on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EdX" title="EdX" id="mwAlw">EdX</a>. Titled <i id="mwAl0">Fantastic Places, Unhuman Humans: Exploring Humanity Through Literature</i> by Professor James Egan. It featured a storyline and plot to help Leila, a lost humanoid wandering different worlds, in which a learner had to play mini games to advance through the course.<sup about="#mwt272" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-87" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-87"}}'><a href="#cite_note-87" id="mwAl4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAl8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAmA">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAmE">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAmI">The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Open_Learning_Health_Net" title="Pacific Open Learning Health Net" id="mwAmM">Pacific Open Learning Health Net</a>, set up by the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO" title="WHO" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAmQ">WHO</a> in 2003, developed an online learning platform in 2004–05 for continuing development of health professionals. Courses were originally delivered by Moodle, but were looking more like other MOOCs by 2012.<sup about="#mwt274" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-88" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-88"}}'><a href="#cite_note-88" id="mwAmU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAmY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAmc">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAmg">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="9" id="mwAmk" aria-labelledby="Instructor_role_and_quality_assurance"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instructor_role_and_quality_assurance">Instructor role and quality assurance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Instructor role and quality assurance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p id="mwAmo">The role of instructors in evaluating and shaping the quality of MOOCs has emerged as a significant concern, particularly within competency-based and open learning contexts.</p>
<p id="mwAms">Although teachers acknowledge the importance of widely endorsed principles including learner autonomy, accessibility, and flexibility, their assessments tend to prioritize practical teaching experience and learner engagement over formalized evaluation frameworks. Participants highlighted the value of adaptive course structures, embedded support mechanisms, and interactive content as indicators of quality. However, there was limited awareness of or alignment with institutional quality assurance protocols.<sup about="#mwt275" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:14_35-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":14"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:14-35" id="mwAmw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAm0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAm4">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAm8">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAnA">This study contributes to a broader understanding of instructional design and quality assurance in MOOCs by emphasizing the disconnect between top-down standards and bottom-up pedagogical practices. It suggests the need for a more integrated approach that incorporates instructors’ experiential knowledge into formal evaluation systems to enhance course effectiveness and instructional quality (Chang & Sun, 2025).<sup about="#mwt276" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:15_36-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":15"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:15-36" id="mwAnE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAnI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAnM">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAnQ">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="10" id="mwAnU" aria-labelledby="Student_experience_and_pedagogy"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_experience_and_pedagogy">Student experience and pedagogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Student experience and pedagogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p id="mwAnY">The learner base for MOOCs has grown substantially over the past decade, reflecting increasing global interest in flexible, online education. As of May 2025, Coursera, one of the largest MOOC platforms, reported more than 148 million registered learners worldwide, signifying a major expansion from its earlier count of 5 million users in 2013 (Infostride, 2025).<sup about="#mwt278" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:16_89-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":16"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:16-89"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:16-89" id="mwAnc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAng"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAnk">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAno">]</span></span></a></sup> This growth is attributed to factors such as the broadening of course offerings, the incorporation of micro-credentials, and partnerships with universities and industries. The evolving student experience increasingly emphasizes interactive content, real-world application, and personalized learning pathways, aligning with contemporary pedagogical practices in digital education.<sup about="#mwt281" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:17_90-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":17"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:17-90"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:17-90" id="mwAns"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAnw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAn0">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAn4">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAn8">By June 2012, more than 1.5 million people had registered for classes through Coursera, Udacity or edX. As of 2013, the range of students registered appears to be broad, diverse and non-traditional, but concentrated among English-speakers in rich countries. By March 2013, Coursera alone had registered about 2.8 million learners. By October 2013, Coursera enrollment continued to surge, surpassing 5 million, while edX had independently reached 1.3 million.</p>
<p id="mwAoA">A course billed as "Asia's first MOOC" given by the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology through Coursera starting in April 2013 registered 17,000 students. About 60% were from "rich countries" with many of the rest from middle-income countries in Asia, South Africa, Brazil or Mexico. Fewer students enrolled from areas with more limited access to the internet, and students from the People's Republic of China may have been discouraged by Chinese government policies. Koller stated in May 2013 that a majority of the people taking Coursera courses had already earned college degrees.</p>
<p id="mwAoE">According to a Stanford University study of a more general group of students—"active learners," defined as those who participated beyond merely registering—64% of high school active learners were male, and 88% were male for undergraduate- and graduate-level courses. A study from Stanford University's Learning Analytics group identified four types of students: auditors, who watched video throughout the course but took few quizzes or exams; completers, who viewed most lectures and took part in most assessments; disengaged learners, who quickly dropped the course; and sampling learners, who might only occasionally watch lectures. They identified the following percentages in each group:</p>
<table class="wikitable" id="mwAoI">
<tbody id="mwAoM"><tr id="mwAoQ"><th id="mwAoU">Course</th>
<th id="mwAoY">Auditing</th>
<th id="mwAoc">Completing</th>
<th id="mwAog">Disengaging</th>
<th id="mwAok">Sampling</th></tr>
<tr id="mwAoo">
<td id="mwAos">High school</td>
<td id="mwAow">6%</td>
<td id="mwAo0">27%</td>
<td id="mwAo4">29%</td>
<td id="mwAo8">39%</td></tr>
<tr id="mwApA">
<td id="mwApE">Undergraduate</td>
<td id="mwApI">6%</td>
<td id="mwApM">8%</td>
<td id="mwApQ">12%</td>
<td id="mwApU">74%</td></tr>
<tr id="mwApY">
<td id="mwApc">Graduate</td>
<td id="mwApg">9%</td>
<td id="mwApk">5%</td>
<td id="mwApo">6%</td>
<td id="mwAps">80%</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p id="mwApw">Jonathan Haber focused on questions of what students are learning and student demographics. About half the students taking U.S. courses are from other countries and do not speak English as their first language. He found some courses to be meaningful, especially those addressing reading comprehension. Video lectures followed by multiple-choice questions can be challenging since they often ask the "right questions." Smaller discussion boards paradoxically offer the best conversations. Larger discussions can be "really, really thoughtful and really, really misguided," with long threads sometimes devolving into rehashes or "the same old stale left/right debate."</p>
<p id="mwAp0">MIT and Stanford University offered initial MOOCs in Computer Science and Electrical Engineering. Since engineering courses require prerequisites, upper-level engineering courses were initially absent from MOOC platforms. However, by 2015, several universities were offering both undergraduate and advanced-level engineering courses.</p>
<section data-mw-section-id="11" id="mwAp4" aria-labelledby="Educator_experience"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educator_experience">Educator experience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Educator experience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p id="mwAp8">In 2013, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="Chronicle of Higher Education" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAqA">Chronicle of Higher Education</a> surveyed 103 professors who had taught MOOCs. "Typically a professor spent over 100 hours on his MOOC before it even started, by recording online lecture videos and doing other preparation", though some instructors' pre-class preparation was "a few dozen hours". The professors then spent 8–10 hours per week on the course, including participation in discussion forums.<sup about="#mwt282" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Chron_survey_91-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Chron survey"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Chron_survey-91" id="mwAqE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAqI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAqM">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAqQ">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAqU">The medians were: 33,000 students enrollees; 2,600 passing; and 1 teaching assistant helping with the class. 74% of the classes used automated grading, and 34% used peer grading. 97% of the instructors used original videos, 75% used open educational resources and 27% used other resources. 9% of the classes required a physical textbook and 5% required an e-book.<sup about="#mwt285" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Chron_survey_91-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Chron survey"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Chron_survey-91"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Chron_survey-91" id="mwAqY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAqc"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAqg">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAqk">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt288" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-additional_results_92-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"additional results"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-additional_results-92"}}'><a href="#cite_note-additional_results-92" id="mwAqo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAqs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAqw">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAq0">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAq4">Unlike traditional courses, MOOCs require additional skills, provided by videographers, instructional designers, IT specialists and platform specialists. Georgia Tech professor <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Head" title="Karen Head" id="mwAq8">Karen Head</a> reports that 19 people work on their MOOCs and that more are needed.<sup about="#mwt291" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-GTech_93-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"GTech"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-GTech-93"}}'><a href="#cite_note-GTech-93" id="mwArA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwArE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwArI">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwArM">]</span></span></a></sup> The platforms have availability requirements similar to media/content sharing websites, due to the large number of enrollees. MOOCs typically use <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing" id="mwArQ">cloud computing</a> and are often created with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoring_system" title="Authoring system" id="mwArU">authoring systems</a>. Authoring tools for the creation of MOOCs are specialized packages of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_software" title="Educational software" id="mwArY">educational software</a> like <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elicitus" title="Elicitus" id="mwArc">Elicitus</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMC_Content_Studio" title="IMC Content Studio" id="mwArg">IMC Content Studio</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectora?action=edit&redlink=1" title="Lectora (page does not exist)" class="new" typeof="mw:LocalizedAttrs" id="mwArk" data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Lectora"]}}'>Lectora</a> that are easy-to-use and support e-learning standards like <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCORM" title="SCORM" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAro">SCORM</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Industry_Computer-Based_Training_Committee" title="Aviation Industry Computer-Based Training Committee" id="mwArs">AICC</a>.</p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="12" id="mwArw" aria-labelledby="Instructional_design"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instructional_design">Instructional design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Instructional design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt292" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAr0" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"External media ","href":"./Template:External_media"},"params":{"width":{"wt":"210px"},"float":{"wt":"right"},"headerimage":{"wt":"[[File:Duke Chapel spire.jpg|210px]]"},"video1":{"wt":"{{YouTube|id=JKbPNx2TSgM|title=10 Steps to Developing an Online Course: Walter Sinnott-Armstrong}}, [[Duke University]]<ref name=\"Duke U\">{{YouTube|id=JKbPNx2TSgM|title=10 Steps to Developing an Online Course: Walter Sinnott-Armstrong}}, [[Duke University]]</ref>"},"video2":{"wt":"[http://www.slideshare.net/gsiemens/designing-and-running-a-mooc Designing, developing and running (Massive) Online Courses] by [[George Siemens]], [[Athabasca University]]<ref name=\"Atha U\">{{cite web | title =Designing, developing and running (Massive) Online Courses by George Siemens | publisher =[[Athabasca University]] | date =12 September 2012 | url =http://www.slideshare.net/gsiemens/designing-and-running-a-mooc | access-date =26 March 2013 | archive-date =16 March 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130316091142/http://www.slideshare.net/gsiemens/designing-and-running-a-mooc | url-status =dead }}</ref>"}},"i":0}}]}'><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1358620234" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" about="#mwt293" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Infobox/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'>@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .infobox{margin-left:1em;float:right;clear:right;width:22em}}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:-3px}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-hiddenrow,body.skin--responsive.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-hiddenrow{display:none}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style></span><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 4px 1.5em" about="#mwt292" id="mwAr4"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duke_Chapel_spire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duke_Chapel_spire.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Duke_Chapel_spire.jpg/250px-Duke_Chapel_spire.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Duke_Chapel_spire.jpg/500px-Duke_Chapel_spire.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2030" data-file-type="bitmap" height="210" width="210" class="mw-file-element"/></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/40px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="video icon" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" data-file-type="drawing" height="16" width="16" class="mw-file-element"/></a></span> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKbPNx2TSgM" class="external text"><span class="plainlinks">10 Steps to Developing an Online Course: Walter Sinnott-Armstrong</span></a> on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" title="YouTube video (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">YouTube</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a><sup about="#mwt295" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Duke_U_94-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Duke U"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Duke_U-94"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Duke_U-94" id="mwAr8"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAsA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAsE">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAsI">]</span></span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/40px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="video icon" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" data-file-type="drawing" height="16" width="16" class="mw-file-element"/></a></span> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.slideshare.net/gsiemens/designing-and-running-a-mooc" class="external text" data-mw-original-href="http://www.slideshare.net/gsiemens/designing-and-running-a-mooc">Designing, developing and running (Massive) Online Courses</a> by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Siemens" title="George Siemens">George Siemens</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabasca_University" title="Athabasca University">Athabasca University</a><sup about="#mwt299" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Atha_U_95-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Atha U"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Atha_U-95"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Atha_U-95" id="mwAsM"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAsQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAsU">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAsY">]</span></span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p id="mwAsc">Many MOOCs use video <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture" title="Lecture" id="mwAsg">lectures</a>, employing the old form of teaching (lecturing) using a new technology.<sup about="#mwt304" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Yousef_96-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Yousef"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Yousef-96"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Yousef-96" id="mwAsk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAso"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAss">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAsw">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt307" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-EReality_97-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"EReality"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-EReality-97"}}'><a href="#cite_note-EReality-97" id="mwAs0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAs4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAs8">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAtA">]</span></span></a></sup> Thrun testified before the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President’s_Council_of_Advisors_on_Science_and_Technology" title="President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAtE">President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology</a> (PCAST) that MOOC "courses are 'designed to be challenges,' not lectures, and the amount of data generated from these assessments can be evaluated 'massively using machine learning' at work behind the scenes. This approach, he said, dispels 'the medieval set of myths' guiding teacher efficacy and student outcomes, and replaces it with evidence-based, 'modern, data-driven' educational methodologies that may be the instruments responsible for a 'fundamental transformation of education' itself".<sup about="#mwt310" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Librarians_and_the_Era_of_the_MOOC_98-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Librarians and the Era of the MOOC"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Librarians_and_the_Era_of_the_MOOC-98"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Librarians_and_the_Era_of_the_MOOC-98" id="mwAtI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAtM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAtQ">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAtU">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAtY">Some view the videos and other material produced by the MOOC as the next form of the textbook. "MOOC is the new textbook", according to David Finegold of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University" id="mwAtc">Rutgers University</a>.<sup about="#mwt313" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-99" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-99"}}'><a href="#cite_note-99" id="mwAtg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAtk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAto">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAts">]</span></span></a></sup> A study of edX student habits found that certificate-earning students generally stop watching videos longer than 6 to 9 minutes. They viewed the first 4.4 minutes (median) of 12- to 15-minute videos.<sup about="#mwt316" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-100" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-100"}}'><a href="#cite_note-100" id="mwAtw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAt0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAt4">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAt8">]</span></span></a></sup> Some traditional schools blend online and offline learning, sometimes called flipped classrooms. Students watch lectures online at home and work on projects and interact with faculty while in class. Such hybrids can even improve student performance in traditional in-person classes. One fall 2012 test by San Jose State and edX found that incorporating content from an online course into a for-credit campus-based course increased pass rates to 91% from as low as 55% without the online component. "We do not recommend selecting an online-only experience over a blended learning experience", says Coursera's Andrew Ng.<sup about="#mwt317" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-wsj1013_54-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"wsj1013"}}'><a href="#cite_note-wsj1013-54" id="mwAuA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAuE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAuI">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAuM">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAuQ">Because of massive enrollments, MOOCs require instructional design that facilitates large-scale feedback and interaction. The two basic approaches are:</p>
<ul id="mwAuU"><li id="mwAuY">Peer-review and group collaboration</li>
<li id="mwAuc">Automated feedback through objective, online assessments, e.g. quizzes and exams<sup about="#mwt318" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-DoF_1_101-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"DoF 1"}}'><a href="#cite_note-DoF_1-101" id="mwAug"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAuk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAuo">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAus">]</span></span></a></sup> Machine grading of written assignments is also underway.<sup about="#mwt321" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-IHE_1_102-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"IHE 1"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-IHE_1-102"}}'><a href="#cite_note-IHE_1-102" id="mwAuw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAu0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAu4">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAu8">]</span></span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p id="mwAvA">So-called connectivist MOOCs rely on the former approach; broadcast MOOCs rely more on the latter.<sup about="#mwt323" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-103" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-103"}}'><a href="#cite_note-103" id="mwAvE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAvI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAvM">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAvQ">]</span></span></a></sup> This marks a key distinction between <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#Connectivist_design" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwAvU">cMOOCs</a> where the 'C' stands for 'connectivist', and xMOOCs where the x stands for extended (as in TEDx, edX) and represents that the MOOC is designed to be in addition to something else (university courses for example).<sup about="#mwt326" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-xMOOC_def_104-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"xMOOC def"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-xMOOC_def-104"}}'><a href="#cite_note-xMOOC_def-104" id="mwAvY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAvc"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAvg">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAvk">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAvo">Assessment can be the most difficult activity to conduct online, and online assessments can be quite different from the brick-and-mortar version.<sup about="#mwt328" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-DoF_1_101-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"DoF 1"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-DoF_1-101"}}'><a href="#cite_note-DoF_1-101" id="mwAvs"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAvw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAv0">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAv4">]</span></span></a></sup> Special attention has been devoted to proctoring and cheating.<sup about="#mwt331" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NYT030212_105-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYT030212"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYT030212-105"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NYT030212-105" id="mwAv8"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAwA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAwE">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAwI">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAwM">Peer review is often based upon sample answers or <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubric_(academic)" title="Rubric (academic)" id="mwAwQ">rubrics</a>, which guide the grader on how many points to award different answers. These rubrics cannot be as complex for peer grading as for teaching assistants. Students are expected to learn via grading others<sup about="#mwt334" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-106" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-106"}}'><a href="#cite_note-106" id="mwAwU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAwY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAwc">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAwg">]</span></span></a></sup> and become more engaged with the course.<sup about="#mwt335" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL_9-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"in AIS Electronic Library AISeL"}}'><a href="#cite_note-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL-9" id="mwAwk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAwo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAws">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAww">]</span></span></a></sup> Exams may be proctored at regional testing centers. Other methods, including "eavesdropping technologies worthy of the C.I.A.", allow testing at home or office, by using webcams, or monitoring mouse clicks and typing styles.<sup about="#mwt336" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NYT030212_105-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYT030212"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NYT030212-105" id="mwAw0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAw4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAw8">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAxA">]</span></span></a></sup> Special techniques such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerized_adaptive_testing" title="Computerized adaptive testing" id="mwAxE">adaptive testing</a> may be used, where the test tailors itself given the student's previous answers, giving harder or easier questions accordingly.</p>
<p id="mwAxI">"The most important thing that helps students succeed in an online course is interpersonal interaction and support", says Shanna Smith Jaggars, assistant director of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University" id="mwAxM">Columbia University</a>'s <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_College_Research_Center" title="Community College Research Center" id="mwAxQ">Community College Research Center</a>. Her research compared online-only and face-to-face learning in studies of community-college students and faculty in Virginia and Washington state. Among her findings: In Virginia, 32% of students failed or withdrew from for-credit online courses, compared with 19% for equivalent in-person courses.<sup about="#mwt337" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-wsj1013_54-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"wsj1013"}}'><a href="#cite_note-wsj1013-54" id="mwAxU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAxY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAxc">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAxg">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAxk">Assigning mentors to students is another interaction-enhancing technique.<sup about="#mwt338" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-wsj1013_54-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"wsj1013"}}'><a href="#cite_note-wsj1013-54" id="mwAxo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAxs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAxw">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAx0">]</span></span></a></sup> In 2013 Harvard offered a popular class, <i id="mwAx4">The Ancient Greek Hero</i>, instructed by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Nagy" title="Gregory Nagy" id="mwAx8">Gregory Nagy</a> and taken by thousands of Harvard students over prior decades. It appealed to alumni to volunteer as online mentors and discussion group managers. About 10 former teaching fellows also volunteered. The task of the volunteers, which required 3–5 hours per week, was to focus on online class discussion. The edX course registered 27,000 students.<sup about="#mwt341" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NYT032513_107-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYT032513"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYT032513-107"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NYT032513-107" id="mwAyA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAyE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAyI">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAyM">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAyQ">Research by Kop and Fournier<sup about="#mwt344" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-oltraining6_108-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"oltraining6"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-oltraining6-108"}}'><a href="#cite_note-oltraining6-108" id="mwAyU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAyY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAyc">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAyg">]</span></span></a></sup> highlighted as major challenges the lack of social presence and the high level of autonomy required. Techniques for maintaining connection with students include adding audio comments on assignments instead of writing them, participating with students in the discussion forums, asking brief questions in the middle of the lecture, updating weekly videos about the course and sending congratulatory emails on prior accomplishments to students who are slightly behind.<sup about="#mwt345" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-wsj1013_54-4" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"wsj1013"}}'><a href="#cite_note-wsj1013-54" id="mwAyk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAyo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAys">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAyw">]</span></span></a></sup> Grading by peer review has had mixed results. In one example, three fellow students grade one assignment for each assignment that they submit. The grading key or rubric tends to focus the grading, but discourages more creative writing.<sup about="#mwt348" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-BG_Haber_109-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"BG Haber"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-BG_Haber-109"}}'><a href="#cite_note-BG_Haber-109" id="mwAy0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAy4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAy8">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAzA">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAzE"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Jacobs" title="A. J. Jacobs" id="mwAzI">A. J. Jacobs</a> in an op-ed in <i id="mwAzM"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" id="mwAzQ">The New York Times</a></i> graded his experience in 11 MOOC classes overall as a "B".<sup about="#mwt351" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-AJJ_110-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"AJJ"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-AJJ-110"}}'><a href="#cite_note-AJJ-110" id="mwAzU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAzY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAzc">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAzg">]</span></span></a></sup> He rated his professors as '"B+", despite "a couple of clunkers", even comparing them to pop stars and "A-list celebrity professors". Nevertheless, he rated teacher-to-student interaction as a "D" since he had almost no contact with the professors. The highest-rated ("A") aspect of Jacobs' experience was the ability to watch videos at any time. Student-to-student interaction and assignments both received "B−". Study groups that did not meet, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_(Internet)" title="Troll (Internet)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAzk">trolls</a> on message boards and the relative slowness of online vs. personal conversations lowered that rating. Assignments included multiple-choice quizzes and exams as well as essays and projects. He found the multiple-choice tests stressful and peer-graded essays painful. He completed only 2 of the 11 classes.<sup about="#mwt352" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-AJJ_110-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"AJJ"}}'><a href="#cite_note-AJJ-110" id="mwAzo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAzs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAzw">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAz0">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt355" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NPR_AJ_111-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NPR AJ"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NPR_AJ-111"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NPR_AJ-111" id="mwAz4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAz8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA0A">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA0E">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="13" id="mwA0I" aria-labelledby="Industry"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p id="mwA0M">MOOCs are widely seen as a major part of a larger <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation" id="mwA0Q">disruptive innovation</a> taking place in higher education.<sup about="#mwt358" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-avalanche_112-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"avalanche"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-avalanche-112"}}'><a href="#cite_note-avalanche-112" id="mwA0U"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA0Y"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA0c">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA0g">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt361" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Times_HE_113-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Times HE"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Times_HE-113"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Times_HE-113" id="mwA0k"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA0o"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA0s">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA0w">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt364" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-114" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-114"}}'><a href="#cite_note-114" id="mwA00"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA04"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA08">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA1A">]</span></span></a></sup> In particular, the many services offered under traditional university business models are predicted to become <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbundling" title="Unbundling" id="mwA1E">unbundled</a> and sold to students individually or in newly formed bundles.<sup about="#mwt367" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-KCarey_115-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"KCarey"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-KCarey-115"}}'><a href="#cite_note-KCarey-115" id="mwA1I"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA1M"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA1Q">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA1U">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt370" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NHarden_116-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NHarden"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NHarden-116"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NHarden-116" id="mwA1Y"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA1c"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA1g">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA1k">]</span></span></a></sup> These services include research, curriculum design, content generation (such as textbooks), teaching, assessment and certification (such as granting degrees) and student placement. MOOCs threaten existing business models by potentially selling teaching, assessment, or placement separately from the current package of services.<sup about="#mwt371" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-avalanche_112-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"avalanche"}}'><a href="#cite_note-avalanche-112" id="mwA1o"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA1s"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA1w">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA10">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt374" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Zhu_117-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Zhu"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Zhu-117"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Zhu-117" id="mwA14"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA18"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA2A">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA2E">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt377" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Shirky_118-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Shirky"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Shirky-118"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Shirky-118" id="mwA2I"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA2M"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA2Q">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA2U">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwA2Y">Former President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama" id="mwA2c">Barack Obama</a> cited recent developments, including the online learning innovations at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University" id="mwA2g">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University" id="mwA2k">Arizona State University</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Tech" title="Georgia Tech" id="mwA2o">Georgia Institute of Technology</a>, as having potential to reduce the rising costs of higher education.<sup about="#mwt380" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-WhiteHouse_119-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"WhiteHouse"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-WhiteHouse-119"}}'><a href="#cite_note-WhiteHouse-119" id="mwA2s"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA2w"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA20">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA24">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwA28">James Mazoue, Director of Online Programs at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University" id="mwA3A">Wayne State University</a> describes one possible innovation:</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt381" id="mwA3E" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Blockquote/styles.css"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Quote","href":"./Template:Quote"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"The next disruptor will likely mark a tipping point: an entirely free online curriculum leading to a degree from an accredited institution. With this new business model, students might still have to pay to certify their credentials, but not for the process leading to their acquisition. If free access to a degree-granting curriculum were to occur, the business model of higher education would dramatically and irreversibly change.<ref name=Mazoue>{{cite web|last=Mazoue|first=James G.|title=The MOOC Model: Challenging Traditional Education|url=http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/mooc-model-challenging-traditional-education|publisher=EDUCAUSE Review Online|access-date=26 March 2013|date=28 January 2013|archive-date=31 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331061721/http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/mooc-model-challenging-traditional-education|url-status=live}}</ref>"}},"i":0}}]}'>.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote " about="#mwt381" id="mwA3I"><p>The next disruptor will likely mark a tipping point: an entirely free online curriculum leading to a degree from an accredited institution. With this new business model, students might still have to pay to certify their credentials, but not for the process leading to their acquisition. If free access to a degree-granting curriculum were to occur, the business model of higher education would dramatically and irreversibly change.<sup about="#mwt385" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Mazoue_120-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Mazoue"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Mazoue-120"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Mazoue-120" id="mwA3M"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA3Q"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA3U">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA3Y">]</span></span></a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p id="mwA3c">But how universities will benefit by "giving our product away free online" is unclear.<sup about="#mwt388" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NYT010613_121-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYT010613"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NYT010613-121" id="mwA3g"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA3k"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA3o">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA3s">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" about="#mwt389" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwA3w" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Blockquote/styles.css"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Quote","href":"./Template:Quote"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"No one's got the model that's going to work yet. I expect all the current ventures to fail, because the expectations are too high. People think something will catch on like wildfire. But more likely, it's maybe a decade later that somebody figures out how to do it and make money."},"2":{"wt":"James Grimmelmann, New York Law School professor<ref name=NYT010613>{{cite news|last=Lewin|first=Tamar|title=Students Rush to Web Classes, but Profits May Be Much Later|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/07/education/massive-open-online-courses-prove-popular-if-not-lucrative-yet.html|access-date=6 March 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=6 January 2013|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731173122/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/07/education/massive-open-online-courses-prove-popular-if-not-lucrative-yet.html|url-status=live}}</ref> "}},"i":0}}]}'/><blockquote class="templatequote " about="#mwt389"><p>No one's got the model that's going to work yet. I expect all the current ventures to fail, because the expectations are too high. People think something will catch on like wildfire. But more likely, it's maybe a decade later that somebody figures out how to do it and make money.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite" about="#mwt389" id="mwA30"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">—<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>James Grimmelmann, New York Law School professor<sup about="#mwt393" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NYT010613_121-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYT010613"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYT010613-121"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NYT010613-121" id="mwA34"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA38"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA4A">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA4E">]</span></span></a></sup><span style="display:none" data-plural="0"></span></p></div>
<p id="mwA4I">Principles of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openness" title="Openness" id="mwA4M">openness</a> inform the creation, structure and operation of MOOCs. The extent to which practices of Open Design in educational technology<sup about="#mwt398" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-122" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-122"}}'><a href="#cite_note-122" id="mwA4Q"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA4U"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA4Y">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA4c">]</span></span></a></sup> are applied vary.</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="float:right;" id="mwA4g">
<caption id="mwA4k">Attributes of major MOOC providers,<sup about="#mwt400" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-123" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-123"}}'><a href="#cite_note-123" id="mwA4o"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA4s"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA4w">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA40">]</span></span></a></sup> with update<sup about="#mwt402" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-124" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-124"}}'><a href="#cite_note-124" id="mwA44"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA48"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA5A">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA5E">]</span></span></a></sup></caption>
<tbody id="mwA5I"><tr id="mwA5M"><th id="mwA5Q">Initiatives</th><th id="mwA5U">Nonprofit</th><th id="mwA5Y">Free to access</th><th id="mwA5c">Certification fee</th><th id="mwA5g">Institutional credits</th></tr>
<tr id="mwA5k">
<th id="mwA5o">edX</th>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt403" id="mwA5s" data-mw='{"parts":["| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"no","href":"./Template:No"},"params":{},"i":0}}," "]}'>No</td><td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center; " class="table-partial" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt404" id="mwA5w" data-mw='{"parts":["|| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"partial","href":"./Template:Partial"},"params":{},"i":0}}," "]}'>Partial</td><td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt405" id="mwA50" data-mw='{"parts":["|| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"yes","href":"./Template:Yes"},"params":{},"i":0}}," "]}'>Yes</td><td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center; " class="table-partial" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt406" id="mwA54" data-mw='{"parts":["|| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"partial","href":"./Template:Partial"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}'>Partial</td></tr>
<tr id="mwA58">
<th id="mwA6A">Coursera</th>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt407" id="mwA6E" data-mw='{"parts":["| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"no","href":"./Template:No"},"params":{},"i":0}}," "]}'>No</td><td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center; " class="table-partial" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt408" id="mwA6I" data-mw='{"parts":["|| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"partial","href":"./Template:Partial"},"params":{},"i":0}}," "]}'>Partial</td><td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt409" id="mwA6M" data-mw='{"parts":["|| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"yes","href":"./Template:Yes"},"params":{},"i":0}}," "]}'>Yes</td><td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center; " class="table-partial" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt410" id="mwA6Q" data-mw='{"parts":["|| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"partial","href":"./Template:Partial"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}'>Partial</td></tr>
<tr id="mwA6U">
<th id="mwA6Y">Udacity</th>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt411" id="mwA6c" data-mw='{"parts":["| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"no","href":"./Template:No"},"params":{},"i":0}}," "]}'>No</td><td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center; " class="table-partial" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt412" id="mwA6g" data-mw='{"parts":["|| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"partial","href":"./Template:Partial"},"params":{},"i":0}}," "]}'>Partial</td><td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt413" id="mwA6k" data-mw='{"parts":["|| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"yes","href":"./Template:Yes"},"params":{},"i":0}}," "]}'>Yes</td><td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center; " class="table-partial" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt414" id="mwA6o" data-mw='{"parts":["|| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"partial","href":"./Template:Partial"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}'>Partial</td></tr>
<tr id="mwA6s">
<th id="mwA6w">Udemy</th>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt415" id="mwA60" data-mw='{"parts":["| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"no","href":"./Template:No"},"params":{},"i":0}}," "]}'>No</td><td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center; " class="table-partial" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt416" id="mwA64" data-mw='{"parts":["|| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"partial","href":"./Template:Partial"},"params":{},"i":0}}," "]}'>Partial</td><td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt417" id="mwA68" data-mw='{"parts":["|| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"yes","href":"./Template:Yes"},"params":{},"i":0}}," "]}'>Yes</td><td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center; " class="table-partial" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt418" id="mwA7A" data-mw='{"parts":["|| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"partial","href":"./Template:Partial"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}'>Partial</td></tr>
<tr id="mwA7E">
<th id="mwA7I">P2PU</th>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt419" id="mwA7M" data-mw='{"parts":["| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"yes","href":"./Template:Yes"},"params":{},"i":0}}," "]}'>Yes</td><td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt420" id="mwA7Q" data-mw='{"parts":["|| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"yes","href":"./Template:Yes"},"params":{},"i":0}}," "]}'>Yes</td><td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt421" id="mwA7U" data-mw='{"parts":["|| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"no","href":"./Template:No"},"params":{},"i":0}}," "]}'>No</td><td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no" typeof="mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt422" id="mwA7Y" data-mw='{"parts":["|| ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"no","href":"./Template:No"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}'>No</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<section data-mw-section-id="14" id="mwA7c" aria-labelledby="Fee_opportunities"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fee_opportunities">Fee opportunities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fee opportunities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p id="mwA7g">In the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium" id="mwA7k">freemium</a> business model, the basic product – the course content – is given away free. "Charging for content would be a tragedy", said Andrew Ng. But "premium" services such as certification or placement would be charged a fee – however financial aids are given in some cases.<sup about="#mwt425" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-SA31313_50-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"SA31313"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-SA31313-50"}}'><a href="#cite_note-SA31313-50" id="mwA7o"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA7s"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA7w">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA70">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwA74">Course developers could charge licensing fees for educational institutions that use its materials. Introductory or "gateway" courses and some remedial courses may earn the most fees. Free introductory courses may attract new students to follow-on fee-charging classes. Blended courses supplement MOOC material with face-to-face instruction. Providers can charge employers for recruiting its students. Students may be able to pay to take a proctored exam to earn transfer credit at a degree-granting university, or for certificates of completion.<sup about="#mwt426" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NYT010613_121-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYT010613"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NYT010613-121" id="mwA78"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA8A"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA8E">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA8I">]</span></span></a></sup> Udemy allows teachers to sell online courses, with the course creators keeping 70–85% of the proceeds and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property_rights" title="Intellectual property rights" class="mw-redirect" id="mwA8M">intellectual property rights</a>.<sup about="#mwt429" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-125" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-125"}}'><a href="#cite_note-125" id="mwA8Q"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA8U"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA8Y">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA8c">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwA8g">Coursera found that students who paid $30 to $90 were substantially more likely to finish the course. The fee was ostensibly for the company's identity-verification program, which confirms that they took and passed a course.<sup about="#mwt430" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-wsj1013_54-5" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"wsj1013"}}'><a href="#cite_note-wsj1013-54" id="mwA8k"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA8o"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA8s">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA8w">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<table class="wikitable" id="mwA80">
<caption id="mwA84">Overview of potential revenue sources for three MOOC providers<sup about="#mwt433" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-TechCrunch_126-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"TechCrunch"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-TechCrunch-126"}}'><a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch-126" id="mwA88"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA9A"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA9E">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA9I">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt434" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-CETIS_127-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"CETIS"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-CETIS-127"}}'><a href="#cite_note-CETIS-127" id="mwA9M"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA9Q"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA9U">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA9Y">]</span></span></a></sup></caption>
<tbody id="mwA9c"><tr id="mwA9g">
<th id="mwA9k">edX</th>
<th id="mwA9o">Coursera</th>
<th id="mwA9s">Udacity</th></tr>
<tr id="mwA9w">
<td id="mwA90">
<ul id="mwA94"><li id="mwA98">Certification</li>
<li id="mwA-A">College credits</li>
<li id="mwA-E">Human tutoring or assignment marking</li>
<li id="mwA-I">Financial aid</li>
<li id="mwA-M">Proctored examinations</li></ul></td>
<td id="mwA-Q">
<ul id="mwA-U"><li id="mwA-Y">Certification</li>
<li id="mwA-c">Secure assessments</li>
<li id="mwA-g">Employee recruitment</li>
<li id="mwA-k">Applicant screening</li>
<li id="mwA-o">Human tutoring or assignment marking</li>
<li id="mwA-s">Enterprises pay to run their own training courses</li>
<li id="mwA-w">Sponsorships</li>
<li id="mwA-0">Tuition fees</li>
<li id="mwA-4">Transcript services (not disclosed to students yet)</li></ul></td>
<td id="mwA-8">
<ul id="mwA_A"><li id="mwA_E">Certification</li>
<li id="mwA_I">Employers paying to recruit talented students</li>
<li id="mwA_M">Students' résumés and job match services</li>
<li id="mwA_Q">Sponsored high-tech skills courses</li></ul></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p id="mwA_U">In February 2013, the American Council on Education (ACE) recommended that its members provide transfer credit from a few MOOC courses, though even the universities who deliver the courses had said that they would not.<sup about="#mwt437" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-WSJ020713_128-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"WSJ020713"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-WSJ020713-128"}}'><a href="#cite_note-WSJ020713-128" id="mwA_Y"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA_c"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA_g">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA_k">]</span></span></a></sup> The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" title="University of Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" id="mwA_o">University of Wisconsin</a> offered multiple, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competency-based_learning" title="Competency-based learning" id="mwA_s">competency-based</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor's_degree" title="Bachelor's degree" id="mwA_w">bachelor's</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master's_degree" title="Master's degree" id="mwA_0">master's</a> degrees starting Fall 2013, the first public university to do so on a system-wide basis. The university encouraged students to take online-courses such as MOOCs and complete assessment tests at the university to receive credit.<sup about="#mwt438" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-no_takers_129-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"no takers"}}'><a href="#cite_note-no_takers-129" id="mwA_4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA_8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBAA">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBAE">]</span></span></a></sup> As of 2013 few students had applied for college credit for MOOC classes.<sup about="#mwt441" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-130" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-130"}}'><a href="#cite_note-130" id="mwBAI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBAM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBAQ">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBAU">]</span></span></a></sup> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_University-Global_Campus" title="Colorado State University-Global Campus" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBAY">Colorado State University-Global Campus</a> received no applications in the year after they offered the option.<sup about="#mwt446" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-no_takers_129-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"no takers"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-no_takers-129"}}'><a href="#cite_note-no_takers-129" id="mwBAc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBAg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBAk">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBAo">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwBAs">Academic Partnerships is a company that helps public universities move their courses online. According to its chairman, Randy Best, "We started it, frankly, as a campaign to grow enrollment. But 72 to 84 percent of those who did the first course came back and paid to take the second course."<sup about="#mwt448" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NYT012313_131-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYT012313"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYT012313-131"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NYT012313-131" id="mwBAw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBA0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBA4">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBA8">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwBBA">While Coursera takes a larger cut of any revenue generated – but requires no minimum payment – the not-for-profit edX has a minimum required payment from course providers, but takes a smaller cut of any revenues, tied to the amount of support required for each course.<sup about="#mwt451" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-132" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-132"}}'><a href="#cite_note-132" id="mwBBE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBBI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBBM">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBBQ">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="15" id="mwBBU" aria-labelledby="Benefits"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<section data-mw-section-id="16" id="mwBBY" aria-labelledby="Improving_access_to_higher_education"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improving_access_to_higher_education">Improving access to higher education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Improving access to higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p id="mwBBc">MOOCs are regarded by many as an important tool to widen access to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education" title="Higher education" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBBg">higher education</a> (HE) for millions of people, including those in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country" id="mwBBk">developing world</a>, and ultimately enhance their quality of life.<sup about="#mwt454" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-CFP_2-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"CFP"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-CFP-2"}}'><a href="#cite_note-CFP-2" id="mwBBo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBBs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBBw">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBB0">]</span></span></a></sup> MOOCs may be regarded as contributing to the democratisation of HE, not only locally or regionally but globally as well. MOOCs can help democratise content and make knowledge reachable for everyone. Students are able to access complete courses offered by universities all over the world, something previously unattainable. With the availability of affordable technologies, MOOCs increase access to an extraordinary number of courses offered by world-renowned institutions and teachers.<sup about="#mwt457" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:0_133-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":0"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:0-133"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:0-133" id="mwBB4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBB8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBCA">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBCE">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="17" id="mwBCI" aria-labelledby="Providing_an_affordable_alternative_to_formal_education"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Providing_an_affordable_alternative_to_formal_education">Providing an affordable alternative to formal education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Providing an affordable alternative to formal education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p id="mwBCM">The costs of tertiary education continue to increase because institutions tend to bundle too many services. With MOOCs, some of these services can be transferred to other suitable players in the public or private sector.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwBCQ"> </span>MOOCs are for large numbers of participants, can be accessed by anyone anywhere as long as they have an Internet connection, are open to everyone without entry qualifications and offer a full/complete course experience online for free.<sup about="#mwt458" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-134" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-134"}}'><a href="#cite_note-134" id="mwBCU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBCY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBCc">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBCg">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt459" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:0_133-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":0"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:0-133" id="mwBCk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBCo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBCs">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBCw">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="18" id="mwBC0" aria-labelledby="Sustainable_development_goals"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_development_goals">Sustainable development goals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sustainable development goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt460" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwBC4" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Sustainable Development Goals"}},"i":0}}]}'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237" about="#mwt461" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Hatnote/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt460" id="mwBC8">Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a></div>
<p id="mwBDA">MOOCs can be seen as a form of open education offered for free through online platforms. The (initial) philosophy of MOOCs is to open up quality higher education to a wider audience. As such, MOOCs are an important tool to achieve goal 4 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.<sup about="#mwt462" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:0_133-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":0"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:0-133" id="mwBDE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBDI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBDM">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBDQ">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="19" id="mwBDU" aria-labelledby="Offers_a_flexible_learning_schedule"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offers_a_flexible_learning_schedule">Offers a flexible learning schedule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Offers a flexible learning schedule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p id="mwBDY">Certain lectures, videos, and tests through MOOCs can be accessed at any time compared to scheduled class times. By allowing learners to complete their coursework in their own time, this provides flexibility to learners based on their own personal schedules.<sup about="#mwt465" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-hbr.org_135-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"hbr.org"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-hbr.org-135"}}'><a href="#cite_note-hbr.org-135" id="mwBDc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBDg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBDk">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBDo">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt466" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:0_133-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":0"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:0-133" id="mwBDs"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBDw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBD0">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBD4">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="20" id="mwBD8" aria-labelledby="Online_collaboration"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_collaboration">Online collaboration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Online collaboration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p id="mwBEA">The learning environments of MOOCs make it easier for learners across the globe to work together on common goals. Instead of having to physically meet one another, online collaboration creates partnerships among learners. While time zones may have an effect on the hours that learners communicate, projects, assignments, and more can be completed to incorporate the skills and resources that different learners offer no matter where they are located.<sup about="#mwt467" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-hbr.org_135-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"hbr.org"}}'><a href="#cite_note-hbr.org-135" id="mwBEE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBEI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBEM">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBEQ">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt468" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:0_133-4" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":0"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:0-133" id="mwBEU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBEY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBEc">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBEg">]</span></span></a></sup> Distance and collaboration can benefit learners who may have struggled with traditionally more individual learning goals, including learning how to write.<sup about="#mwt471" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-136" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-136"}}'><a href="#cite_note-136" id="mwBEk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBEo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBEs">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBEw">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="21" id="mwBE0" aria-labelledby="Criticisms_and_challenges"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms_and_challenges">Criticisms and challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Criticisms and challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt472" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwBE4" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Quote box","href":"./Template:Quote_box"},"params":{"align":{"wt":"right"},"width":{"wt":"50%"},"author":{"wt":"[[San Jose State University]] open letter to [[Michael Sandel]], 2013<ref name=\"Dear Sandel\">{{cite news|title=San Jose State to Michael Sandel: Keep your MOOC off our campus|url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/brainiac/2013/05/san_jose_state.html|access-date=7 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=3 May 2013|archive-date=9 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509020141/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/brainiac/2013/05/san_jose_state.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>"},"quote":{"wt":"Should one-size-fits-all vendor-designed blended courses become the norm, we fear two classes of universities will be created: one, well-funded colleges and universities in which privileged students get their own real professor; the other, financially stressed private and public universities in which students watch a bunch of video-taped lectures."}},"i":0}}]}'><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" about="#mwt473" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Quote_box/styles.css"}}'>.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style></span><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright " style="
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<p>Should one-size-fits-all vendor-designed blended courses become the norm, we fear two classes of universities will be created: one, well-funded colleges and universities in which privileged students get their own real professor; the other, financially stressed private and public universities in which students watch a bunch of video-taped lectures.</p>
</blockquote>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_State_University" title="San Jose State University">San Jose State University</a> open letter to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Michael Sandel</a>, 2013<sup about="#mwt476" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Dear_Sandel_137-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Dear Sandel"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Dear_Sandel-137"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Dear_Sandel-137" id="mwBFA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBFE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBFI">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBFM">]</span></span></a></sup></cite></div>
</div>
<p id="mwBFQ">MOOCs have received a significant amount of criticism, especially during the early 2010s when it received a significant amount of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartner_hype_cycle" title="Gartner hype cycle" id="mwBFU">hype</a> among educators.<sup about="#mwt481" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-138" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-138"}}'><a href="#cite_note-138" id="mwBFY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBFc"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBFg">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBFk">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwBFo"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary_Nelson" title="Cary Nelson" id="mwBFs">Cary Nelson</a>, former president of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Professors" title="American Association of University Professors" id="mwBFw">American Association of University Professors</a> claimed that MOOCs are not a reliable means of supplying credentials, stating that "It’s fine to put lectures online, but this plan only degrades degree programs if it plans to substitute for them." Sandra Schroeder, chair of the Higher Education Program and Policy Council for the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers" title="American Federation of Teachers" id="mwBF0">American Federation of Teachers</a> expressed concern that "These students are not likely to succeed without the structure of a strong and sequenced academic program."<sup about="#mwt484" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-139" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-139"}}'><a href="#cite_note-139" id="mwBF4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBF8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBGA">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBGE">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<section data-mw-section-id="22" id="mwBGI" aria-labelledby="Certification_and_credentialing"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Certification_and_credentialing">Certification and credentialing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Certification and credentialing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p id="mwBGM">MOOCs frequently offer digital <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_certificate" title="Academic certificate" id="mwBGQ">certificates</a>, specializations, and so-called "micro-credentials" upon successful completion of course requirements.<sup about="#mwt487" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Rivas2020_140-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Rivas2020"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Rivas2020-140"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Rivas2020-140" id="mwBGU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBGY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBGc">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBGg">]</span></span></a></sup> However, the value of such credentials within labor markets remains a subject of debate, particularly when compared to traditional educational qualifications. In 2020, respondents who used the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Mechanical_Turk" title="Amazon Mechanical Turk" id="mwBGk">Mechanical Turk</a> crowdsourcing service preferred freelance web developers with traditional degrees over a MOOC credential.<sup about="#mwt488" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Rivas2020_140-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Rivas2020"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Rivas2020-140" id="mwBGo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBGs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBGw">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBG0">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="23" id="mwBG4" aria-labelledby="Completion_rates"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Completion_rates">Completion rates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Completion rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p id="mwBG8">Completion rates in MOOCs are consistently very low. In 2012, MOOCs provided by Harvard and MIT had completion rates of 22% on average.<sup about="#mwt492" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-141" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-141"}}'><a href="#cite_note-141" id="mwBHA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBHE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBHI">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBHM">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="24" id="mwBHQ" aria-labelledby="The_experience_of_English_language_learners_in_MOOCs"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_experience_of_English_language_learners_in_MOOCs">The experience of English language learners in MOOCs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The experience of English language learners in MOOCs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p id="mwBHU"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_of_instruction" title="Language of instruction" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBHY">Language of instruction</a> is one of the major barriers that <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-language_learner" title="English-language learner" id="mwBHc">English-language learners</a> (ELLs) face in MOOCs. In recent estimates, almost 75% of MOOC courses are presented in the English language, however, native English speakers <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers" id="mwBHg">are a minority</a> among the world's population.<sup about="#mwt495" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-142" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-142"}}'><a href="#cite_note-142" id="mwBHk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBHo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBHs">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBHw">]</span></span></a></sup> This issue is mitigated by the increasing popularity of English as a global language, and therefore has more second language speakers than any other language in the world. This barrier has encouraged content developers and other MOOC stakeholders to develop content in other popular languages to increase MOOC access. However, research studies show that some ELLs prefer to take MOOCs in English, despite the language challenges, as it promotes their goals of economic, social, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_mobility" title="Geographic mobility" id="mwBH0">geographic mobility</a>.<sup about="#mwt498" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-143" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-143"}}'><a href="#cite_note-143" id="mwBH4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBH8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBIA">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBIE">]</span></span></a></sup> This emphasizes the need to not only provide MOOC content in other languages, but also to develop English-language interventions for ELLs who participate in English MOOCs.</p>
<p id="mwBII">Areas that ELLs particularly struggle with in English MOOCs include MOOC content without corresponding visual supporting materials<sup about="#mwt501" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-144" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-144"}}'><a href="#cite_note-144" id="mwBIM"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBIQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBIU">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBIY">]</span></span></a></sup> (e.g., an instructor narrating instruction without text support in the background), or their hesitation to participate in MOOC discussion forums.<sup about="#mwt504" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Kulkarni_1116–1128_145-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Kulkarni 1116–1128"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Kulkarni_1116–1128-145"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Kulkarni_1116–1128-145" id="mwBIc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBIg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBIk">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBIo">]</span></span></a></sup> Active participation in MOOC discussion forums has been found to improve students grades, their engagement, and leads to lower dropout rates,<sup about="#mwt507" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-146" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-146"}}'><a href="#cite_note-146" id="mwBIs"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBIw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBI0">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBI4">]</span></span></a></sup> however, ELLs are more likely to be spectators than active contributors in discussion forums.<sup about="#mwt508" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Kulkarni_1116–1128_145-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Kulkarni 1116–1128"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Kulkarni_1116–1128-145" id="mwBI8"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBJA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBJE">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBJI">]</span></span></a></sup><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwBJM"> </span></p>
<p id="mwBJQ">Researching studies show a “complex mix of affective, socio-cultural, and educational factors” that are inhibitors to their active participation in discussion forums.<sup about="#mwt511" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-147" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-147"}}'><a href="#cite_note-147" id="mwBJU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBJY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBJc">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBJg">]</span></span></a></sup> As expected, English as the language of communication poses both linguistic and cultural challenges for ELLs, and they may not be confident in their English language communication abilities.<sup about="#mwt514" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-148" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-148"}}'><a href="#cite_note-148" id="mwBJk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBJo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBJs">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBJw">]</span></span></a></sup> Discussion forums may also be an uncomfortable means of communication especially for ELLs from Confucian cultures, where disagreement and arguing one’s points are often viewed as confrontational, and harmony is promoted.<sup about="#mwt517" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-149" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-149"}}'><a href="#cite_note-149" id="mwBJ0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBJ4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBJ8">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBKA">]</span></span></a></sup> Therefore, while ELLs may be perceived as being uninterested in participating, research studies show that they do not show the same hesitation in face to face discourse.<sup about="#mwt520" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:2_150-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":2"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:2-150"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:2-150" id="mwBKE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBKI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBKM">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBKQ">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt523" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:3_151-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":3"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:3-151"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:3-151" id="mwBKU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBKY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBKc">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBKg">]</span></span></a></sup> Finally, ELLs may come from high power distance cultures,<sup about="#mwt526" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-152" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-152"}}'><a href="#cite_note-152" id="mwBKk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBKo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBKs">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBKw">]</span></span></a></sup> where teachers are regarded as authority figures, and the culture of back and forth conversations between teachers and students is not a cultural norm.<sup about="#mwt527" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:2_150-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":2"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:2-150" id="mwBK0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBK4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBK8">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBLA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt528" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:3_151-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":3"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:3-151" id="mwBLE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBLI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBLM">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBLQ">]</span></span></a></sup> As a result, discussion forums with active participation from the instructors may cause discomfort and prevent participation of students from such cultures.</p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="25" id="mwBLU" aria-labelledby="Curation"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Curation">Curation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Curation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p id="mwBLY"><span class="anchor" id="Open_Culture" about="#mwt529" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"anchor","href":"./Template:Anchor"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Open Culture"}},"i":0}}]}'></span><i id="mwBLc">Open Culture</i>, not affiliated with Stanford University, founded in 2006 by Dan Coleman, the Director and Associate Dean of Stanford University's Continuing Education Program, aggregates and curates free MOOCs, as well as free cultural and educational media.<sup about="#mwt533" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-153" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-153"}}'><a href="#cite_note-153" id="mwBLg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBLk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBLo">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBLs">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt536" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-154" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-154"}}'><a href="#cite_note-154" id="mwBLw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBL0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBL4">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBL8">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt539" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-155" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-155"}}'><a href="#cite_note-155" id="mwBMA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBME"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBMI">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBMM">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt542" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-156" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-156"}}'><a href="#cite_note-156" id="mwBMQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBMU"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBMY">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBMc">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt545" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-157" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-157"}}'><a href="#cite_note-157" id="mwBMg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBMk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBMo">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBMs">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt548" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-158" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-158"}}'><a href="#cite_note-158" id="mwBMw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBM0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBM4">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBM8">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt551" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-159" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-159"}}'><a href="#cite_note-159" id="mwBNA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBNE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBNI">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBNM">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt554" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-160" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-160"}}'><a href="#cite_note-160" id="mwBNQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBNU"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBNY">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBNc">]</span></span></a></sup><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Citation_overkill" about="#mwt530" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwBNg" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Excessive citations inline","href":"./Template:Excessive_citations_inline"},"params":{"date":{"wt":"May 2026"}},"i":0}}]}'/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_tagged_with_the_inline_citation_overkill_template_from_May_2026" about="#mwt530"/><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;" about="#mwt530" id="mwBNk"><span typeof="mw:Entity">[</span><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (May 2026)">excessive citations</span></a></i><span typeof="mw:Entity">]</span></sup> C. Berman, of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBNo">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a>, found the website difficult to navigate, with links "hidden" in articles, and the right side lists, clunky and long.<sup about="#mwt557" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-161" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-161"}}'><a href="#cite_note-161" id="mwBNs"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBNw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBN0">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBN4">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="26" id="mwBN8" aria-labelledby="See_also"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul id="mwBOA"><li id="mwBOE"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MOOC_providers" title="List of MOOC providers" id="mwBOI">List of MOOC providers</a></li>
<li id="mwBOM"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_online_educational_resources" title="List of online educational resources" id="mwBOQ">List of online educational resources</a></li>
<li id="mwBOU"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_MOOC" title="Language MOOC" id="mwBOY">Language MOOC</a></li>
<li id="mwBOc"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcome-based_education" title="Outcome-based education" id="mwBOg">Outcome-based education</a></li>
<li id="mwBOk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCourseWare" title="OpenCourseWare" id="mwBOo">OpenCourseWare</a></li>
<li id="mwBOs"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saylor_Foundation" title="Saylor Foundation" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBOw">Saylor Foundation</a></li>
<li id="mwBO0"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_private_online_course" title="Small private online course" id="mwBO4">Small private online course</a></li>
<li id="mwBO8"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualifications_framework#Qualifications_frameworks_for_online_learning" title="Qualifications framework" id="mwBPA">Qualifications frameworks for online learning</a></li>
<li id="mwBPE"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_educational_resources_in_Canada" title="Open educational resources in Canada" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBPI">Open educational resources in Canada</a></li></ul>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="27" id="mwBPM" aria-labelledby="References"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<section data-mw-section-id="28" id="mwBPQ" aria-labelledby="Citations"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt558" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwBPU" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Reflist","href":"./Template:Reflist"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}'><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1327269900" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" about="#mwt559" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Reflist/styles.css"}}'>.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style></span><div about="#mwt558" id="mwBPY">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" typeof="mw:Extension/references" about="#mwt560" id="mwBPc" data-mw='{"name":"references","attrs":{"group":"","responsive":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'><ol class="mw-references references" id="mwBPg"><li about="#cite_note-1" id="cite_note-1" data-mw-footnote-number="1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBPk"><a href="#cite_ref-1" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBPo"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBPs">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-1" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1333433106" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt8" id="mwBPw" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite journal ","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Kaplan"},"first1":{"wt":"Andreas M."},"last2":{"wt":"Haenlein"},"first2":{"wt":"Michael"},"year":{"wt":"2016"},"title":{"wt":"Higher education and the digital revolution: About MOOCs, SPOCs, social media, and the Cookie Monster"},"journal":{"wt":"Business Horizons"},"volume":{"wt":"59"},"issue":{"wt":"4"},"pages":{"wt":"441–50"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1016/j.bushor.2016.03.008"}},"i":0}}]}'>.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKaplanHaenlein2016" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt8">Kaplan, Andreas M.; Haenlein, Michael (2016). "Higher education and the digital revolution: About MOOCs, SPOCs, social media, and the Cookie Monster". <i id="mwBP0">Business Horizons</i>. <b id="mwBP4">59</b> (4): <span class="nowrap" id="mwBP8">441–</span>50. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBQA">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bushor.2016.03.008" class="external text" id="mwBQE">10.1016/j.bushor.2016.03.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Horizons&rft.atitle=Higher+education+and+the+digital+revolution%3A+About+MOOCs%2C+SPOCs%2C+social+media%2C+and+the+Cookie+Monster&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=441-50&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bushor.2016.03.008&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Andreas+M.&rft.au=Haenlein%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt8" id="mwBQI"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-CFP-2" id="cite_note-CFP-2" data-mw-footnote-number="2"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBQM"><a href="#cite_ref-CFP_2-0" id="mwBQQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBQU">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFP_2-1" id="mwBQY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBQc">2</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-CFP-2" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt452" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBQg" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite journal","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Masson"},"first1":{"wt":"M"},"title":{"wt":"Benefits of TED Talks"},"journal":{"wt":"Canadian Family Physician"},"date":{"wt":"December 2014"},"volume":{"wt":"60"},"issue":{"wt":"12"},"pages":{"wt":"1080"},"pmid":{"wt":"25500595"},"pmc":{"wt":"4264800"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFMasson2014" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt452">Masson, M (December 2014). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4264800" class="external text" id="mwBQk">"Benefits of TED Talks"</a>. <i id="mwBQo">Canadian Family Physician</i>. <b id="mwBQs">60</b> (12): 1080. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" title="PMC (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBQw">PMC</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwBQ0"> </span><span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible" id="mwBQ4"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4264800" class="external text" id="mwBQ8">4264800</a></span>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBRA">PMID</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwBRE"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25500595" class="external text" id="mwBRI">25500595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Benefits+of+TED+Talks&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1080&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4264800%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25500595&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4264800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt452" id="mwBRM"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-3" id="cite_note-3" data-mw-footnote-number="3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBRQ"><a href="#cite_ref-3" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBRU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBRY">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-3" class="mw-reference-text reference-text">Siemens, G. (2013). Massive open online courses: Innovation in education. In McGreal, R., Kinuthia W., & Marshall S. (Eds), Open educational resources: Innovation, research and practice (pp. 5–16). Vancouver: Commonwealth of Learning and Athabasca University.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-NYTimes030613-4" id="cite_note-NYTimes030613-4" data-mw-footnote-number="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBRc"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes030613_4-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBRg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBRk">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYTimes030613-4" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt13" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBRo" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Lewin"},"first":{"wt":"Tamar"},"title":{"wt":"Universities Abroad Join Partnerships on the Web"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/education/universities-abroad-join-mooc-course-projects.html"},"access-date":{"wt":"6 March 2013"},"newspaper":{"wt":"[[The New York Times]]"},"date":{"wt":"20 February 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"21 February 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130221170151/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/education/universities-abroad-join-mooc-course-projects.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFLewin2013" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt13">Lewin, Tamar (20 February 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/education/universities-abroad-join-mooc-course-projects.html" class="external text" id="mwBRs">"Universities Abroad Join Partnerships on the Web"</a>. <i id="mwBRw"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" id="mwBR0">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130221170151/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/education/universities-abroad-join-mooc-course-projects.html" class="external text" id="mwBR4">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwBR8">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwBSA">6 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Universities+Abroad+Join+Partnerships+on+the+Web&rft.date=2013-02-20&rft.aulast=Lewin&rft.aufirst=Tamar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F02%2F21%2Feducation%2Funiversities-abroad-join-mooc-course-projects.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt13" id="mwBSE"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-:1-5" id="cite_note-:1-5" data-mw-footnote-number="5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBSI"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBSM"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBSQ">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-:1-5" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt16" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBSU" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite journal","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Leontyev"},"first1":{"wt":"Alexey"},"last2":{"wt":"Baranov"},"first2":{"wt":"Dmitry"},"date":{"wt":"2013-11-12"},"title":{"wt":"Massive Open Online Courses in Chemistry: A Comparative Overview of Platforms and Features"},"journal":{"wt":"Journal of Chemical Education"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"volume":{"wt":"90"},"issue":{"wt":"11"},"pages":{"wt":"1533–1539"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1021/ed400283x"},"bibcode":{"wt":"2013JChEd..90.1533L"},"issn":{"wt":"0021-9584"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFLeontyevBaranov2013" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt16">Leontyev, Alexey; Baranov, Dmitry (12 November 2013). "Massive Open Online Courses in Chemistry: A Comparative Overview of Platforms and Features". <i id="mwBSY">Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b id="mwBSc">90</b> (11): <span class="nowrap" id="mwBSg">1533–</span>1539. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" title="Bibcode (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBSk">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JChEd..90.1533L" class="external text" id="mwBSo">2013JChEd..90.1533L</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBSs">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed400283x" class="external text" id="mwBSw">10.1021/ed400283x</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBS0">ISSN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwBS4"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9584" class="external text" id="mwBS8">0021-9584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Massive+Open+Online+Courses+in+Chemistry%3A+A+Comparative+Overview+of+Platforms+and+Features&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1533-1539&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft.issn=0021-9584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed400283x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JChEd..90.1533L&rft.aulast=Leontyev&rft.aufirst=Alexey&rft.au=Baranov%2C+Dmitry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt16" id="mwBTA"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-MOOC_Misnomer-6" id="cite_note-MOOC_Misnomer-6" data-mw-footnote-number="6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBTE"><a href="#cite_ref-MOOC_Misnomer_6-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBTI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBTM">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-MOOC_Misnomer-6" class="mw-reference-text reference-text">Wiley, David. "<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/2436" class="external text" id="mwBTQ">The MOOC Misnomer</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201191134/http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/2436" about="#mwt19" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwBTU" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Webarchive","href":"./Template:Webarchive"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210201191134/http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/2436"},"date":{"wt":"1 February 2021"}},"i":0}}]}'>Archived</a><span about="#mwt19" id="mwBTY"> 1 February 2021 at the </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" about="#mwt19" id="mwBTc">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" about="#mwt19" id="mwBTg"/>". July 2012</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-7" id="cite_note-7" data-mw-footnote-number="7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBTk"><a href="#cite_ref-7" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBTo"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBTs">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-7" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt21" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBTw" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Cheverie"},"first":{"wt":"Joan"},"title":{"wt":"MOOCs and Intellectual Property: Ownership and Use Rights"},"url":{"wt":"https://er.educause.edu/blogs/2013/4/moocs-and-intellectual-property-ownership-and-use-rights"},"access-date":{"wt":"18 April 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"7 July 2020"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200707175054/https://er.educause.edu/blogs/2013/4/moocs-and-intellectual-property-ownership-and-use-rights"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFCheverie" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt21">Cheverie, Joan. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://er.educause.edu/blogs/2013/4/moocs-and-intellectual-property-ownership-and-use-rights" class="external text" id="mwBT0">"MOOCs and Intellectual Property: Ownership and Use Rights"</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707175054/https://er.educause.edu/blogs/2013/4/moocs-and-intellectual-property-ownership-and-use-rights" class="external text" id="mwBT4">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwBT8">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwBUA">18 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MOOCs+and+Intellectual+Property%3A+Ownership+and+Use+Rights&rft.aulast=Cheverie&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fer.educause.edu%2Fblogs%2F2013%2F4%2Fmoocs-and-intellectual-property-ownership-and-use-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt21" id="mwBUE"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-RemixInfoWeek-8" id="cite_note-RemixInfoWeek-8" data-mw-footnote-number="8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBUI"><a href="#cite_ref-RemixInfoWeek_8-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBUM"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBUQ">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-RemixInfoWeek-8" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt24" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBUU" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://www.informationweek.com/education/online-learning/udacity-hedges-on-open-licensing-for-moo/240160183"},"title":{"wt":"Udacity hedges on open licensing for MOOCs"},"work":{"wt":"Information Week"},"date":{"wt":"20 August 2013"},"access-date":{"wt":"21 August 2013"},"author":{"wt":"David F. Carr"},"archive-date":{"wt":"25 October 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131025214047/http://www.informationweek.com/education/online-learning/udacity-hedges-on-open-licensing-for-moo/240160183"},"url-status":{"wt":"dead"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFDavid_F._Carr2013" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt24">David F. Carr (20 August 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131025214047/http://www.informationweek.com/education/online-learning/udacity-hedges-on-open-licensing-for-moo/240160183" class="external text" id="mwBUY">"Udacity hedges on open licensing for MOOCs"</a>. <i id="mwBUc">Information Week</i>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.informationweek.com/education/online-learning/udacity-hedges-on-open-licensing-for-moo/240160183" class="external text" id="mwBUg">the original</a> on 25 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwBUk">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwBUo">21 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Week&rft.atitle=Udacity+hedges+on+open+licensing+for+MOOCs&rft.date=2013-08-20&rft.au=David+F.+Carr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informationweek.com%2Feducation%2Fonline-learning%2Fudacity-hedges-on-open-licensing-for-moo%2F240160183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt24" id="mwBUs"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL-9" id="cite_note-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL-9" data-mw-footnote-number="9"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBUw"><a href="#cite_ref-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL_9-0" id="mwBU0"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBU4">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL_9-1" id="mwBU8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBVA">2</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL_9-2" id="mwBVE"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBVI">3</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL-9" class="mw-reference-text reference-text">P. Adamopoulos, "What Makes a Great MOOC? An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Student Retention in Online Courses", <i id="mwBVM">ICIS 2013 Proceedings</i> (2013) pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwBVQ"> </span>1–21 <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2013/proceedings/BreakthroughIdeas/13/" class="external text" id="mwBVU">in AIS Electronic Library (AISeL)</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204608/http://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2013/proceedings/BreakthroughIdeas/13/" about="#mwt27" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwBVY" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Webarchive","href":"./Template:Webarchive"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204608/http://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2013/proceedings/BreakthroughIdeas/13/"},"date":{"wt":"4 January 2014"}},"i":0}}]}'>Archived</a><span about="#mwt27" id="mwBVc"> 4 January 2014 at the </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" about="#mwt27" id="mwBVg">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" about="#mwt27" id="mwBVk"/>.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-:5-10" id="cite_note-:5-10" data-mw-footnote-number="10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBVo"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBVs"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBVw">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-:5-10" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt33" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBV0" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite book","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Saettler"},"first":{"wt":"L. Paul"},"year":{"wt":"1968"},"title":{"wt":"A History of Instructional Technology"},"location":{"wt":"New York"},"publisher":{"wt":"McGraw Hill"},"url":{"wt":"{{google books |plainurl=y |id=AN47AAAAIAAJ}}"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-0070544109"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFSaettler1968" class="citation book cs1" about="#mwt33">Saettler, L. Paul (1968). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AN47AAAAIAAJ" class="external text" id="mwBV4"><i id="mwBV8">A History of Instructional Technology</i></a>. New York: McGraw Hill. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBWA">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwBWE"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0070544109" title="Special:BookSources/978-0070544109" id="mwBWI"><bdi id="mwBWM">978-0070544109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Instructional+Technology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0070544109&rft.aulast=Saettler&rft.aufirst=L.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAN47AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt33" id="mwBWQ"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-blogs.cetis.org.uk-12" id="cite_note-blogs.cetis.org.uk-12" data-mw-footnote-number="12"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBW4"><a href="#cite_ref-blogs.cetis.org.uk_12-0" id="mwBW8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBXA">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blogs.cetis.org.uk_12-1" id="mwBXE"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBXI">2</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-blogs.cetis.org.uk-12" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt39" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBXM" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://blogs.cetis.org.uk/cetisli/2015/05/11/moocs-and-open-education-timeline-updated/"},"title":{"wt":"MOOCs and Open Education Timeline (updated!) &#124; Li Yuan"},"date":{"wt":"11 May 2015"},"access-date":{"wt":"12 May 2015"},"archive-date":{"wt":"21 May 2015"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150521050834/http://blogs.cetis.org.uk/cetisli/2015/05/11/moocs-and-open-education-timeline-updated/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt39" id="mwBXQ"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://blogs.cetis.org.uk/cetisli/2015/05/11/moocs-and-open-education-timeline-updated/" class="external text" id="mwBXU">"MOOCs and Open Education Timeline (updated!) <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwBXY">|</span> Li Yuan"</a>. 11 May 2015. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150521050834/http://blogs.cetis.org.uk/cetisli/2015/05/11/moocs-and-open-education-timeline-updated/" class="external text" id="mwBXc">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwBXg">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwBXk">12 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MOOCs+and+Open+Education+Timeline+%28updated%21%29+%26%23124%3B+Li+Yuan&rft.date=2015-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.cetis.org.uk%2Fcetisli%2F2015%2F05%2F11%2Fmoocs-and-open-education-timeline-updated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt39" id="mwBXo"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-:7-13" id="cite_note-:7-13" data-mw-footnote-number="13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBXs"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_13-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBXw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBX0">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-:7-13" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt42" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBX4" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"What They're Watching"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/18/education/edlife/18opentop10-t.html"},"work":{"wt":"The New York Times"},"date":{"wt":"16 April 2010"},"access-date":{"wt":"3 July 2018"},"archive-date":{"wt":"19 June 2018"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180619165053/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/18/education/edlife/18opentop10-t.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt42" id="mwBX8"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/18/education/edlife/18opentop10-t.html" class="external text" id="mwBYA">"What They're Watching"</a>. <i id="mwBYE">The New York Times</i>. 16 April 2010. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619165053/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/18/education/edlife/18opentop10-t.html" class="external text" id="mwBYI">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwBYM">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwBYQ">3 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What+They%27re+Watching&rft.date=2010-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F04%2F18%2Feducation%2Fedlife%2F18opentop10-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt42" id="mwBYU"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-:8-14" id="cite_note-:8-14" data-mw-footnote-number="14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBYY"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_14-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBYc"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBYg">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-:8-14" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt45" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBYk" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Guttenplan"},"first1":{"wt":"D. d"},"title":{"wt":"For Exposure, Universities Put Courses on the Web"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/world/europe/01iht-educLede01.html"},"website":{"wt":"The New York Times"},"access-date":{"wt":"10 May 2019"},"date":{"wt":"1 November 2010"},"archive-date":{"wt":"9 May 2019"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190509090549/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/world/europe/01iht-educLede01.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFGuttenplan2010" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt45">Guttenplan, D. d (1 November 2010). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/world/europe/01iht-educLede01.html" class="external text" id="mwBYo">"For Exposure, Universities Put Courses on the Web"</a>. <i id="mwBYs">The New York Times</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509090549/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/world/europe/01iht-educLede01.html" class="external text" id="mwBYw">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwBY0">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwBY4">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Exposure%2C+Universities+Put+Courses+on+the+Web&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.aulast=Guttenplan&rft.aufirst=D.+d&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F11%2F01%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F01iht-educLede01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt45" id="mwBY8"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-16" id="cite_note-16" data-mw-footnote-number="16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBZs"><a href="#cite_ref-16" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBZw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBZ0">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-16" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt51" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBZ4" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://delphiweb.louisville.edu/theteachingpractice/?p=168"},"title":{"wt":"What is a MOOC? Why Should You Care? &#124; the Teaching Practice"},"access-date":{"wt":"14 March 2019"},"archive-date":{"wt":"4 February 2021"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210204124123/http://delphiweb.louisville.edu/theteachingpractice/?p=168"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt51" id="mwBZ8"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://delphiweb.louisville.edu/theteachingpractice/?p=168" class="external text" id="mwBaA">"What is a MOOC? Why Should You Care? <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwBaE">|</span> the Teaching Practice"</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204124123/http://delphiweb.louisville.edu/theteachingpractice/?p=168" class="external text" id="mwBaI">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwBaM">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwBaQ">14 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+MOOC%3F+Why+Should+You+Care%3F+%26%23124%3B+the+Teaching+Practice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdelphiweb.louisville.edu%2Ftheteachingpractice%2F%3Fp%3D168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt51" id="mwBaU"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-17" id="cite_note-17" data-mw-footnote-number="17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBaY"><a href="#cite_ref-17" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBac"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBag">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-17" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt54" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBak" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite journal","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Leinonen"},"first1":{"wt":"Teemu"},"last2":{"wt":"Vadén"},"first2":{"wt":"Tere"},"last3":{"wt":"Suoranta"},"first3":{"wt":"Juha"},"date":{"wt":"2009-02-07"},"title":{"wt":"Learning in and with an open wiki project: Wikiversity's potential in global capacity building"},"journal":{"wt":"First Monday"},"volume":{"wt":"14"},"issue":{"wt":"2"},"doi":{"wt":"10.5210/fm.v14i2.2252"},"doi-access":{"wt":"free"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFLeinonenVadénSuoranta2009" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt54">Leinonen, Teemu; Vadén, Tere; Suoranta, Juha (7 February 2009). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v14i2.2252" class="external text" id="mwBao">"Learning in and with an open wiki project: Wikiversity's potential in global capacity building"</a>. <i id="mwBas">First Monday</i>. <b id="mwBaw">14</b> (2). <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBa0">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible" id="mwBa4"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v14i2.2252" class="external text" id="mwBa8">10.5210/fm.v14i2.2252</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft.atitle=Learning+in+and+with+an+open+wiki+project%3A+Wikiversity%27s+potential+in+global+capacity+building&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2009-02-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v14i2.2252&rft.aulast=Leinonen&rft.aufirst=Teemu&rft.au=Vad%C3%A9n%2C+Tere&rft.au=Suoranta%2C+Juha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5210%252Ffm.v14i2.2252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt54" id="mwBbA"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-auto-20" id="cite_note-auto-20" data-mw-footnote-number="20"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBcs"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-0" id="mwBcw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBc0">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-1" id="mwBc4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBc8">2</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-auto-20" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt63" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBdA" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite AV media ","href":"./Template:Cite_AV_media"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAVwQ7RJWqg"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/KAVwQ7RJWqg"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2021-11-17"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"},"title":{"wt":"Attention les MOOC!?! Mois de la pédagogie universitaire"},"publisher":{"wt":"University of Prince Edward Island"},"date":{"wt":"18 April 2013"},"people":{"wt":"Dave Cormier"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1" about="#mwt63" id="mwBdE">Dave Cormier (18 April 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAVwQ7RJWqg" class="external text" id="mwBdI"><i id="mwBdM">Attention les MOOC!?! Mois de la pédagogie universitaire</i></a>. University of Prince Edward Island. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/KAVwQ7RJWqg" class="external text" id="mwBdQ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attention+les+MOOC%21%3F%21+Mois+de+la+p%C3%A9dagogie+universitaire&rft.pub=University+of+Prince+Edward+Island&rft.date=2013-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DKAVwQ7RJWqg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt63" id="mwBdU"></span><span about="#mwt65" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwBdY" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cbignore","href":"./Template:Cbignore"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}'></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-auto1-21" id="cite_note-auto1-21" data-mw-footnote-number="21"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBdc"><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_21-0" id="mwBdg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBdk">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_21-1" id="mwBdo"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBds">2</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-auto1-21" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt67" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBdw" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://davecormier.com/edblog/2008/10/02/the-cck08-mooc-connectivism-course-14-way/"},"title":{"wt":"The CCK08 MOOC – Connectivism course, 1/4 way"},"publisher":{"wt":"Dave's Educational Blog"},"date":{"wt":"2 October 2008"},"access-date":{"wt":"10 September 2013"},"author":{"wt":"Cormier, Dave"},"archive-date":{"wt":"27 June 2018"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180627161235/http://davecormier.com/edblog/2008/10/02/the-cck08-mooc-connectivism-course-14-way/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFCormier,_Dave2008" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt67">Cormier, Dave (2 October 2008). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://davecormier.com/edblog/2008/10/02/the-cck08-mooc-connectivism-course-14-way/" class="external text" id="mwBd0">"The CCK08 MOOC – Connectivism course, 1/4 way"</a>. Dave's Educational Blog. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627161235/http://davecormier.com/edblog/2008/10/02/the-cck08-mooc-connectivism-course-14-way/" class="external text" id="mwBd4">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwBd8">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwBeA">10 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+CCK08+MOOC+%E2%80%93+Connectivism+course%2C+1%2F4+way&rft.pub=Dave%27s+Educational+Blog&rft.date=2008-10-02&rft.au=Cormier%2C+Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdavecormier.com%2Fedblog%2F2008%2F10%2F02%2Fthe-cck08-mooc-connectivism-course-14-way%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt67" id="mwBeE"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-GROOM-22" id="cite_note-GROOM-22" data-mw-footnote-number="22"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBeI"><a href="#cite_ref-GROOM_22-0" id="mwBeM"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBeQ">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GROOM_22-1" id="mwBeU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBeY">2</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-GROOM-22" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt71" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBec" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/04/24/open-course-digital-storytelling-enjoys-modest-success"},"title":{"wt":"Proto-MOOC Stays the Course"},"website":{"wt":"Inside Higher Ed"},"date":{"wt":"24 April 2012"},"access-date":{"wt":"29 April 2015"},"author":{"wt":"Kolowich, Steve"},"archive-date":{"wt":"6 July 2014"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140706214622/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/04/24/open-course-digital-storytelling-enjoys-modest-success"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFKolowich,_Steve2012" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt71">Kolowich, Steve (24 April 2012). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/04/24/open-course-digital-storytelling-enjoys-modest-success" class="external text" id="mwBeg">"Proto-MOOC Stays the Course"</a>. <i id="mwBek">Inside Higher Ed</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706214622/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/04/24/open-course-digital-storytelling-enjoys-modest-success" class="external text" id="mwBeo">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwBes">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwBew">29 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.atitle=Proto-MOOC+Stays+the+Course&rft.date=2012-04-24&rft.au=Kolowich%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F04%2F24%2Fopen-course-digital-storytelling-enjoys-modest-success&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt71" id="mwBe0"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-:10-23" id="cite_note-:10-23" data-mw-footnote-number="23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBe4"><a href="#cite_ref-:10_23-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBe8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBfA">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-:10-23" class="mw-reference-text reference-text">The College of St. Scholastica, "<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://go.css.edu/learn" class="external text" id="mwBfE">Massive Open Online Courses</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140612055008/http://go.css.edu/learn/" about="#mwt74" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwBfI" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Webarchive","href":"./Template:Webarchive"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140612055008/http://go.css.edu/learn/"},"date":{"wt":"12 June 2014"}},"i":0}}]}'>Archived</a><span about="#mwt74" id="mwBfM"> 12 June 2014 at the </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" about="#mwt74" id="mwBfQ">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" about="#mwt74" id="mwBfU"/>", (2012)</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-CETIS78-24" id="cite_note-CETIS78-24" data-mw-footnote-number="24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBfY"><a href="#cite_ref-CETIS78_24-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBfc"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBfg">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-CETIS78-24" class="mw-reference-text reference-text">Yuan, Li, and Stephen Powell. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://publications.cetis.ac.uk/2013/667" class="external text" id="mwBfk">MOOCs and Open Education: Implications for Higher Education White Paper</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130326073004/http://publications.cetis.ac.uk/2013/667" about="#mwt76" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwBfo" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Webarchive","href":"./Template:Webarchive"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130326073004/http://publications.cetis.ac.uk/2013/667"},"date":{"wt":"26 March 2013"}},"i":0}}]}'>Archived</a><span about="#mwt76" id="mwBfs"> 26 March 2013 at the </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" about="#mwt76" id="mwBfw">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" about="#mwt76" id="mwBf0"/>. University of Bolton: CETIS, 2013. pp. 7–8.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Chronicle-25" id="cite_note-Chronicle-25" data-mw-footnote-number="25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBf4"><a href="#cite_ref-Chronicle_25-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBf8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBgA">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Chronicle-25" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt78" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBgE" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"What You Need to Know About MOOCs"},"url":{"wt":"http://chronicle.com/article/What-You-Need-to-Know-About/133475/"},"access-date":{"wt":"14 March 2013"},"newspaper":{"wt":"[[Chronicle of Higher Education]]"},"archive-date":{"wt":"23 March 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130323161404/http://chronicle.com/article/What-You-Need-to-Know-About/133475/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt78" id="mwBgI"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://chronicle.com/article/What-You-Need-to-Know-About/133475/" class="external text" id="mwBgM">"What You Need to Know About MOOCs"</a>. <i id="mwBgQ"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="Chronicle of Higher Education" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBgU">Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130323161404/http://chronicle.com/article/What-You-Need-to-Know-About/133475/" class="external text" id="mwBgY">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwBgc">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwBgg">14 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=What+You+Need+to+Know+About+MOOCs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FWhat-You-Need-to-Know-About%2F133475%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt78" id="mwBgk"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-DavidBornstein-26" id="cite_note-DavidBornstein-26" data-mw-footnote-number="26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBgo"><a href="#cite_ref-DavidBornstein_26-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBgs"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBgw">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-DavidBornstein-26" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt81" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBg0" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/11/open-education-for-a-global-economy/"},"title":{"wt":"Open Education for a Global Economy"},"first":{"wt":"David"},"last":{"wt":"Bornstein"},"date":{"wt":"11 July 2012"},"website":{"wt":"Opinionator"},"access-date":{"wt":"14 August 2022"},"archive-date":{"wt":"14 August 2022"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220814035319/https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/11/open-education-for-a-global-economy/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFBornstein2012" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt81">Bornstein, David (11 July 2012). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/11/open-education-for-a-global-economy/" class="external text" id="mwBg4">"Open Education for a Global Economy"</a>. <i id="mwBg8">Opinionator</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814035319/https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/11/open-education-for-a-global-economy/" class="external text" id="mwBhA">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwBhE">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwBhI">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Opinionator&rft.atitle=Open+Education+for+a+Global+Economy&rft.date=2012-07-11&rft.aulast=Bornstein&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fopinionator.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F11%2Fopen-education-for-a-global-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt81" id="mwBhM"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Information_Week-27" id="cite_note-Information_Week-27" data-mw-footnote-number="27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBhQ"><a href="#cite_ref-Information_Week_27-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBhU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBhY">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Information_Week-27" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt84" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBhc" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Booker"},"first":{"wt":"Ellis"},"title":{"wt":"Early MOOC Takes A Different Path"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.informationweek.co.uk/education/online-learning/early-mooc-takes-a-different-path/240147364"},"access-date":{"wt":"25 July 2013"},"newspaper":{"wt":"Information Week"},"date":{"wt":"30 January 2013"},"url-status":{"wt":"dead"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://archive.today/20130616060234/http://www.informationweek.co.uk/education/online-learning/early-mooc-takes-a-different-path/240147364"},"archive-date":{"wt":"16 June 2013"},"df":{"wt":"dmy-all"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFBooker2013" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt84">Booker, Ellis (30 January 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.informationweek.co.uk/education/online-learning/early-mooc-takes-a-different-path/240147364" class="external text" id="mwBhg">"Early MOOC Takes A Different Path"</a>. <i id="mwBhk">Information Week</i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwBho">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwBhs">25 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Week&rft.atitle=Early+MOOC+Takes+A+Different+Path&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=Ellis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informationweek.co.uk%2Feducation%2Fonline-learning%2Fearly-mooc-takes-a-different-path%2F240147364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt84" id="mwBhw"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" about="#mwt84" id="mwBh0"><code class="cs1-code" id="mwBh4">{{<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news" id="mwBh8">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service" title="Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service" id="mwBiA">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service" about="#mwt84" id="mwBiE"/></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-NYTIMES-28" id="cite_note-NYTIMES-28" data-mw-footnote-number="28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBiI"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTIMES_28-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBiM"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBiQ">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYTIMES-28" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt88" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBiU" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Bornstein"},"first":{"wt":"David"},"title":{"wt":"Open Education For A Global Economy"},"url":{"wt":"http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/11/open-education-for-a-global-economy/?_r=0"},"access-date":{"wt":"25 July 2013"},"newspaper":{"wt":"The New York Times"},"date":{"wt":"11 July 2012"},"archive-date":{"wt":"12 November 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131112195439/http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/11/open-education-for-a-global-economy/?_r=0"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="mwBiY" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt88" data-x-id="CITEREFBornstein2012">Bornstein, David (11 July 2012). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/11/open-education-for-a-global-economy/?_r=0" class="external text" data-mw-original-href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/11/open-education-for-a-global-economy/?_r=0" id="mwBic">"Open Education For A Global Economy"</a>. <i id="mwBig">The New York Times</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112195439/http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/11/open-education-for-a-global-economy/?_r=0" class="external text" id="mwBik">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwBio">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwBis">25 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Open+Education+For+A+Global+Economy&rft.date=2012-07-11&rft.aulast=Bornstein&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinionator.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F11%2Fopen-education-for-a-global-economy%2F%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt88" id="mwBiw"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-29" id="cite_note-29" data-mw-footnote-number="29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBi0"><a href="#cite_ref-29" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBi4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBi8">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-29" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt92" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBjA" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://openeducationeuropa.eu/en/article/Innovation-entrepreneurship-and-education-In-Depth-41-3?paper=169497"},"title":{"wt":"Partnership Model for Entrepreneurial Innovation in Open Online Learning"},"access-date":{"wt":"12 May 2015"},"archive-date":{"wt":"8 October 2016"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161008175809/http://openeducationeuropa.eu/en/article/Innovation-entrepreneurship-and-education-In-Depth-41-3?paper=169497"},"url-status":{"wt":"dead"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt92" id="mwBjE"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008175809/http://openeducationeuropa.eu/en/article/Innovation-entrepreneurship-and-education-In-Depth-41-3?paper=169497" class="external text" id="mwBjI">"Partnership Model for Entrepreneurial Innovation in Open Online Learning"</a>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://openeducationeuropa.eu/en/article/Innovation-entrepreneurship-and-education-In-Depth-41-3?paper=169497" class="external text" id="mwBjM">the original</a> on 8 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwBjQ">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwBjU">12 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Partnership+Model+for+Entrepreneurial+Innovation+in+Open+Online+Learning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopeneducationeuropa.eu%2Fen%2Farticle%2FInnovation-entrepreneurship-and-education-In-Depth-41-3%3Fpaper%3D169497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt92" id="mwBjY"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-30" id="cite_note-30" data-mw-footnote-number="30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBjc"><a href="#cite_ref-30" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBjg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBjk">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-30" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt95" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBjo" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Siemens"},"first":{"wt":"George"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.elearnspace.org/blog/2012/07/25/moocs-are-really-a-platform/"},"title":{"wt":"MOOCs are really a platform"},"publisher":{"wt":"Elearnspace"},"access-date":{"wt":"9 December 2012"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130121085810/http://www.elearnspace.org/blog/2012/07/25/moocs-are-really-a-platform/"},"archive-date":{"wt":"21 January 2013"},"url-status":{"wt":"dead"},"df":{"wt":"dmy-all"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFSiemens" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt95">Siemens, George. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121085810/http://www.elearnspace.org/blog/2012/07/25/moocs-are-really-a-platform/" class="external text" id="mwBjs">"MOOCs are really a platform"</a>. Elearnspace. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.elearnspace.org/blog/2012/07/25/moocs-are-really-a-platform/" class="external text" id="mwBjw">the original</a> on 21 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwBj0">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwBj4">9 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MOOCs+are+really+a+platform&rft.pub=Elearnspace&rft.aulast=Siemens&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elearnspace.org%2Fblog%2F2012%2F07%2F25%2Fmoocs-are-really-a-platform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt95" id="mwBj8"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31" id="cite_note-ReferenceA-31" data-mw-footnote-number="31"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBkA"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-0" id="mwBkE"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBkI">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-1" id="mwBkM"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBkQ">2</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-ReferenceA-31" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt98" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBkU" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite journal ","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Prpić"},"first1":{"wt":"John"},"last2":{"wt":"Melton"},"first2":{"wt":"James"},"last3":{"wt":"Taeihagh"},"first3":{"wt":"Araz"},"last4":{"wt":"Anderson"},"first4":{"wt":"Terry"},"title":{"wt":"MOOCs and crowdsourcing: Massive courses and massive resources"},"journal":{"wt":"First Monday"},"date":{"wt":"16 December 2015"},"volume":{"wt":"20"},"issue":{"wt":"12"},"doi":{"wt":"10.5210/fm.v20i12.6143"},"arxiv":{"wt":"1702.05002"},"s2cid":{"wt":"3056507"},"doi-access":{"wt":"free"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFPrpićMeltonTaeihaghAnderson2015" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt98">Prpić, John; Melton, James; Taeihagh, Araz; Anderson, Terry (16 December 2015). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v20i12.6143" class="external text" id="mwBkY">"MOOCs and crowdsourcing: Massive courses and massive resources"</a>. <i id="mwBkc">First Monday</i>. <b id="mwBkg">20</b> (12). <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" title="ArXiv (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBkk">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible" id="mwBko"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.05002" class="external text" id="mwBks">1702.05002</a></span>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBkw">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible" id="mwBk0"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v20i12.6143" class="external text" id="mwBk4">10.5210/fm.v20i12.6143</a></span>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBk8">S2CID</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwBlA"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3056507" class="external text" id="mwBlE">3056507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft.atitle=MOOCs+and+crowdsourcing%3A+Massive+courses+and+massive+resources&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2015-12-16&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1702.05002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3056507%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v20i12.6143&rft.aulast=Prpi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Melton%2C+James&rft.au=Taeihagh%2C+Araz&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5210%252Ffm.v20i12.6143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt98" id="mwBlI"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-:11-32" id="cite_note-:11-32" data-mw-footnote-number="32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBlM"><a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBlQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBlU">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-:11-32" class="mw-reference-text reference-text">Downes, Stephen <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-downes/connectivism-and-connecti_b_804653.html" class="external text" id="mwBlY">"'Connectivism' and Connective Knowledge"</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017033752/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-downes/connectivism-and-connecti_b_804653.html" about="#mwt101" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwBlc" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Webarchive","href":"./Template:Webarchive"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141017033752/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-downes/connectivism-and-connecti_b_804653.html"},"date":{"wt":"17 October 2014"}},"i":0}}]}'>Archived</a><span about="#mwt101" id="mwBlg"> 17 October 2014 at the </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" about="#mwt101" id="mwBlk">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" about="#mwt101" id="mwBlo"/>, Huffpost Education, 5 January 2011, accessed 27 July 2011.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-:12-33" id="cite_note-:12-33" data-mw-footnote-number="33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBls"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_33-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBlw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBl0">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-:12-33" class="mw-reference-text reference-text">Kop, Rita <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/882" class="external text" id="mwBl4">"The challenges to connectivist learning on open online networks: Learning experiences during a massive open online course"</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130918183306/http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/882" about="#mwt103" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwBl8" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Webarchive","href":"./Template:Webarchive"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130918183306/http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/882"},"date":{"wt":"18 September 2013"}},"i":0}}]}'>Archived</a><span about="#mwt103" id="mwBmA"> 18 September 2013 at the </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" about="#mwt103" id="mwBmE">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" about="#mwt103" id="mwBmI"/>, International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, Volume 12, Number 3, 2011, accessed 22 November 2011.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-:13-34" id="cite_note-:13-34" data-mw-footnote-number="34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBmM"><a href="#cite_ref-:13_34-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBmQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBmU">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-:13-34" class="mw-reference-text reference-text">Bell, Frances <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/902/1664" class="external text" id="mwBmY">"Connectivism: Its Place in Theory-Informed Research and Innovation in Technology-Enabled Learning"</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703042800/http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/902/1664" about="#mwt105" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwBmc" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Webarchive","href":"./Template:Webarchive"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140703042800/http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/902/1664"},"date":{"wt":"3 July 2014"}},"i":0}}]}'>Archived</a><span about="#mwt105" id="mwBmg"> 3 July 2014 at the </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" about="#mwt105" id="mwBmk">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" about="#mwt105" id="mwBmo"/>, International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, Volume 12, Number 3, 2011, accessed 31 July 2011.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-:14-35" id="cite_note-:14-35" data-mw-footnote-number="35"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBms"><a href="#cite_ref-:14_35-0" id="mwBmw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBm0">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_35-1" id="mwBm4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBm8">2</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-:14-35" class="mw-reference-text reference-text">Downes, Stephen. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://it.coe.uga.edu/itforum/paper92/paper92.html" class="external text" id="mwBnA">"Learning networks and connective knowledge"</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720084742/http://it.coe.uga.edu/itforum/paper92/paper92.html" about="#mwt107" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwBnE" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Webarchive","href":"./Template:Webarchive"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720084742/http://it.coe.uga.edu/itforum/paper92/paper92.html"},"date":{"wt":"20 July 2011"}},"i":0}}]}'>Archived</a><span about="#mwt107" id="mwBnI"> 20 July 2011 at the </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" about="#mwt107" id="mwBnM">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" about="#mwt107" id="mwBnQ"/>, Instructional Technology Forum, 2006, accessed 31 July 2011.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-:15-36" id="cite_note-:15-36" data-mw-footnote-number="36"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBnU"><a href="#cite_ref-:15_36-0" id="mwBnY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBnc">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_36-1" id="mwBng"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBnk">2</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-:15-36" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMfipxhT_Co" about="#mwt109" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwBno" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"YouTube","href":"./Template:YouTube"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"VMfipxhT_Co"},"title":{"wt":"George Siemens on Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)"}},"i":0}}]}'><span class="plainlinks" id="mwBns">George Siemens on Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)</span></a><span about="#mwt109" id="mwBnw"> on </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" title="YouTube video (identifier)" about="#mwt109" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBn0">YouTube</a>.</span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-Mak_Williams_Mackness-38" id="cite_note-Mak_Williams_Mackness-38" data-mw-footnote-number="38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBoY"><a href="#cite_ref-Mak_Williams_Mackness_38-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBoc"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBog">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Mak_Williams_Mackness-38" class="mw-reference-text reference-text">S.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwBok"> </span>F. John Mak, R. Williams, and J. Mackness, <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/organisations/netlc/past/nlc2010/abstracts/PDFs/Mak.pdf" class="external text" id="mwBoo">"Blogs and Forums as Communication and Learning Tools in a MOOC"</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130319093017/http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/organisations/netlc/past/nlc2010/abstracts/PDFs/Mak.pdf" about="#mwt113" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwBos" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Webarchive","href":"./Template:Webarchive"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130319093017/http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/organisations/netlc/past/nlc2010/abstracts/PDFs/Mak.pdf"},"date":{"wt":"19 March 2013"}},"i":0}}]}'>Archived</a><span about="#mwt113" id="mwBow"> 19 March 2013 at the </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" about="#mwt113" id="mwBo0">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" about="#mwt113" id="mwBo4"/>, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Networked Learning (2010).</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-39" id="cite_note-39" data-mw-footnote-number="39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBo8"><a href="#cite_ref-39" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBpA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBpE">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-39" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt116" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBpI" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite journal","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"An audio MOOC framework for the digital inclusion of low literate people in the distance education process"},"last1":{"wt":"Moloo"},"first1":{"wt":"Raj Kishen"},"last2":{"wt":"Khedo"},"first2":{"wt":"Kavi Kumar"},"last3":{"wt":"Prabhakar"},"first3":{"wt":"Tadinada Venkata"},"date":{"wt":"24 October 2023"},"journal":{"wt":"Universal Access in the Information Society"},"volume":{"wt":"24"},"pages":{"wt":"313–337"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1007/s10209-023-01051-5"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFMolooKhedoPrabhakar2023" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt116">Moloo, Raj Kishen; Khedo, Kavi Kumar; Prabhakar, Tadinada Venkata (24 October 2023). "An audio MOOC framework for the digital inclusion of low literate people in the distance education process". <i id="mwBpM">Universal Access in the Information Society</i>. <b id="mwBpQ">24</b>: <span class="nowrap" id="mwBpU">313–</span>337. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBpY">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10209-023-01051-5" class="external text" id="mwBpc">10.1007/s10209-023-01051-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universal+Access+in+the+Information+Society&rft.atitle=An+audio+MOOC+framework+for+the+digital+inclusion+of+low+literate+people+in+the+distance+education+process&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=313-337&rft.date=2023-10-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10209-023-01051-5&rft.aulast=Moloo&rft.aufirst=Raj+Kishen&rft.au=Khedo%2C+Kavi+Kumar&rft.au=Prabhakar%2C+Tadinada+Venkata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt116" id="mwBpg"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-43" id="cite_note-43" data-mw-footnote-number="43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwBr8"><a href="#cite_ref-43" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBsA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwBsE">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-43" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt130" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwBsI" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Lesson 11 - Massive Open Online Courses: Brief History"},"url":{"wt":"https://tell.colvee.org/mod/book/view.php?id=646&chapterid=984"},"access-date":{"wt":"2021-02-02"},"website":{"wt":"tell.colvee.org"},"archive-date":{"wt":"9 February 2021"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210209083739/https://tell.colvee.org/mod/book/view.php?id=646&chapterid=984"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt130" id="mwBsM"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://tell.colvee.org/mod/book/view.php?id=646&chapterid=984" class="external text" id="mwBsQ">"Lesson 11 - Massive Open Online Courses: Brief History"</a>. <i id="mwBsU">tell.colvee.org</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209083739/https://tell.colvee.org/mod/book/view.php?id=646&chapterid=984" class="external text" id="mwBsY">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwBsc">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwBsg">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tell.colvee.org&rft.atitle=Lesson+11+-+Massive+Open+Online+Courses%3A+Brief+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftell.colvee.org%2Fmod%2Fbook%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D646%26chapterid%3D984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt130" id="mwBsk"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-:34-74" id="cite_note-:34-74" data-mw-footnote-number="74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCB0"><a href="#cite_ref-:34_74-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCB4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCB8">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-:34-74" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt232" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCCA" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite journal","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Online education: Targeted MOOC captivates students"},"journal":{"wt":"[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]"},"volume":{"wt":"505"},"issue":{"wt":"7481"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1038/505026a"},"pmid":{"wt":"24380947"},"page":{"wt":"26"},"year":{"wt":"2014"},"last1":{"wt":"King"},"first1":{"wt":"Carolyn"},"last2":{"wt":"Robinson"},"first2":{"wt":"Andrew"},"last3":{"wt":"Vickers"},"first3":{"wt":"James"},"bibcode":{"wt":"2014Natur.505...26K"},"doi-access":{"wt":"free"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFKingRobinsonVickers2014" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt232">King, Carolyn; Robinson, Andrew; Vickers, James (2014). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F505026a" class="external text" id="mwCCE">"Online education: Targeted MOOC captivates students"</a>. <i id="mwCCI"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)" id="mwCCM">Nature</a></i>. <b id="mwCCQ">505</b> (7481): 26. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" title="Bibcode (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCCU">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.505...26K" class="external text" id="mwCCY">2014Natur.505...26K</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCCc">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible" id="mwCCg"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F505026a" class="external text" id="mwCCk">10.1038/505026a</a></span>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCCo">PMID</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCCs"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24380947" class="external text" id="mwCCw">24380947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Online+education%3A+Targeted+MOOC+captivates+students&rft.volume=505&rft.issue=7481&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24380947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F505026a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.505...26K&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Vickers%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F505026a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt232" id="mwCC0"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-76" id="cite_note-76" data-mw-footnote-number="76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCDg"><a href="#cite_ref-76" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCDk"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCDo">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-76" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt238" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCDs" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Latin America's First MOOC"},"date":{"wt":"17 June 2013"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.edsurge.com/n/2013-06-17-latin-america-s-first-mooc"},"publisher":{"wt":"EdSurge"},"access-date":{"wt":"2 July 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"14 October 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131014181134/https://www.edsurge.com/n/2013-06-17-latin-america-s-first-mooc"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt238" id="mwCDw"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.edsurge.com/n/2013-06-17-latin-america-s-first-mooc" class="external text" id="mwCD0">"Latin America's First MOOC"</a>. EdSurge. 17 June 2013. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014181134/https://www.edsurge.com/n/2013-06-17-latin-america-s-first-mooc" class="external text" id="mwCD4">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCD8">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCEA">2 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+America%27s+First+MOOC&rft.pub=EdSurge&rft.date=2013-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edsurge.com%2Fn%2F2013-06-17-latin-america-s-first-mooc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt238" id="mwCEE"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-CHE8513-77" id="cite_note-CHE8513-77" data-mw-footnote-number="77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCEI"><a href="#cite_ref-CHE8513_77-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCEM"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCEQ">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-CHE8513-77" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt241" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCEU" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"American MOOC Providers Face International Competition"},"url":{"wt":"https://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/american-mooc-providers-face-international-competition/44637"},"access-date":{"wt":"8 July 2013"},"newspaper":{"wt":"The Chronicle of Higher Education"},"date":{"wt":"5 July 2013"},"author":{"wt":"Sara Grossman"},"archive-date":{"wt":"9 July 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130709161448/http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/american-mooc-providers-face-international-competition/44637"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFSara_Grossman2013" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt241">Sara Grossman (5 July 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/american-mooc-providers-face-international-competition/44637" class="external text" id="mwCEY">"American MOOC Providers Face International Competition"</a>. <i id="mwCEc">The Chronicle of Higher Education</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130709161448/http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/american-mooc-providers-face-international-competition/44637" class="external text" id="mwCEg">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCEk">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCEo">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=American+MOOC+Providers+Face+International+Competition&rft.date=2013-07-05&rft.au=Sara+Grossman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Fblogs%2Fwiredcampus%2Famerican-mooc-providers-face-international-competition%2F44637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt241" id="mwCEs"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-Forbes-81" id="cite_note-Forbes-81" data-mw-footnote-number="81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCGc"><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_81-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCGg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCGk">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Forbes-81" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt253" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCGo" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Georgia Tech, Udacity Shock Higher Ed With $7,000 Degree"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/troyonink/2013/05/15/georgia-tech-udacity-shock-higher-ed-with-7000-degree/"},"access-date":{"wt":"15 May 2013"},"newspaper":{"wt":"[[Forbes]]"},"archive-date":{"wt":"21 November 2018"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181121014718/https://www.forbes.com/sites/troyonink/2013/05/15/georgia-tech-udacity-shock-higher-ed-with-7000-degree/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt253" id="mwCGs"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/troyonink/2013/05/15/georgia-tech-udacity-shock-higher-ed-with-7000-degree/" class="external text" id="mwCGw">"Georgia Tech, Udacity Shock Higher Ed With $7,000 Degree"</a>. <i id="mwCG0"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes" id="mwCG4">Forbes</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121014718/https://www.forbes.com/sites/troyonink/2013/05/15/georgia-tech-udacity-shock-higher-ed-with-7000-degree/" class="external text" id="mwCG8">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCHA">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCHE">15 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Georgia+Tech%2C+Udacity+Shock+Higher+Ed+With+%247%2C000+Degree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftroyonink%2F2013%2F05%2F15%2Fgeorgia-tech-udacity-shock-higher-ed-with-7000-degree%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt253" id="mwCHI"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-HuffingtonPost-82" id="cite_note-HuffingtonPost-82" data-mw-footnote-number="82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCHM"><a href="#cite_ref-HuffingtonPost_82-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCHQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCHU">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-HuffingtonPost-82" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt256" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCHY" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Proving Grounds for a New Model for Higher Education"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zvi-galil/proving-grounds-for-a-new_b_5899762.html"},"access-date":{"wt":"29 September 2014"},"newspaper":{"wt":"[[The Huffington Post]]"},"archive-date":{"wt":"25 April 2017"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170425110011/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zvi-galil/proving-grounds-for-a-new_b_5899762.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt256" id="mwCHc"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zvi-galil/proving-grounds-for-a-new_b_5899762.html" class="external text" id="mwCHg">"Proving Grounds for a New Model for Higher Education"</a>. <i id="mwCHk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" title="The Huffington Post" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCHo">The Huffington Post</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170425110011/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zvi-galil/proving-grounds-for-a-new_b_5899762.html" class="external text" id="mwCHs">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCHw">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCH0">29 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Proving+Grounds+for+a+New+Model+for+Higher+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fzvi-galil%2Fproving-grounds-for-a-new_b_5899762.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt256" id="mwCH4"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Time-83" id="cite_note-Time-83" data-mw-footnote-number="83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCH8"><a href="#cite_ref-Time_83-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCIA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCIE">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Time-83" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt259" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCII" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"The $7,000 Computer Science Degree – and the Future of Higher Education"},"url":{"wt":"https://business.time.com/2013/05/21/the-7000-computer-science-degree-and-the-future-of-higher-education/"},"access-date":{"wt":"21 May 2013"},"newspaper":{"wt":"[[Time (magazine)|Time]]"},"archive-date":{"wt":"7 June 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130607121603/http://business.time.com/2013/05/21/the-7000-computer-science-degree-and-the-future-of-higher-education/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt259" id="mwCIM"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://business.time.com/2013/05/21/the-7000-computer-science-degree-and-the-future-of-higher-education/" class="external text" id="mwCIQ">"The $7,000 Computer Science Degree – and the Future of Higher Education"</a>. <i id="mwCIU"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)" id="mwCIY">Time</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607121603/http://business.time.com/2013/05/21/the-7000-computer-science-degree-and-the-future-of-higher-education/" class="external text" id="mwCIc">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCIg">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCIk">21 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+%247%2C000+Computer+Science+Degree+%E2%80%93+and+the+Future+of+Higher+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.time.com%2F2013%2F05%2F21%2Fthe-7000-computer-science-degree-and-the-future-of-higher-education%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt259" id="mwCIo"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-84" id="cite_note-84" data-mw-footnote-number="84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCIs"><a href="#cite_ref-84" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCIw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCI0">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-84" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt262" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCI4" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"From market stall to University partnership – Marks & Spencer's long association with Leeds"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.russellgroup.ac.uk/CSLeeds/"},"website":{"wt":"Russell group"},"access-date":{"wt":"29 March 2015"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2 April 2015"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110030/http://www.russellgroup.ac.uk/CSLeeds/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt262" id="mwCI8"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.russellgroup.ac.uk/CSLeeds/" class="external text" id="mwCJA">"From market stall to University partnership – Marks & Spencer's long association with Leeds"</a>. <i id="mwCJE">Russell group</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110030/http://www.russellgroup.ac.uk/CSLeeds/" class="external text" id="mwCJI">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCJM">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCJQ">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russell+group&rft.atitle=From+market+stall+to+University+partnership+%E2%80%93+Marks+%26+Spencer%27s+long+association+with+Leeds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russellgroup.ac.uk%2FCSLeeds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt262" id="mwCJU"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-85" id="cite_note-85" data-mw-footnote-number="85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCJY"><a href="#cite_ref-85" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCJc"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCJg">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-85" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt265" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCJk" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://www.uct.ac.za/dailynews/?id=8957"},"title":{"wt":"UCT's first MOOC: Medicine and the arts"},"publisher":{"wt":"[[University of Cape Town]]"},"date":{"wt":"21 January 2015"},"access-date":{"wt":"20 March 2015"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2 April 2015"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120838/http://www.uct.ac.za/dailynews/?id=8957"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt265" id="mwCJo"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.uct.ac.za/dailynews/?id=8957" class="external text" id="mwCJs">"UCT's first MOOC: Medicine and the arts"</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town" id="mwCJw">University of Cape Town</a>. 21 January 2015. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120838/http://www.uct.ac.za/dailynews/?id=8957" class="external text" id="mwCJ0">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCJ4">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCJ8">20 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UCT%27s+first+MOOC%3A+Medicine+and+the+arts&rft.pub=University+of+Cape+Town&rft.date=2015-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uct.ac.za%2Fdailynews%2F%3Fid%3D8957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt265" id="mwCKA"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-86" id="cite_note-86" data-mw-footnote-number="86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCKE"><a href="#cite_ref-86" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCKI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCKM">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-86" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt268" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCKQ" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"OpenClassrooms Launches First MOOC-Based Bachelor Degree Recognized By French State"},"url":{"wt":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/07/openclassrooms-launches-first-mooc-based-bachelor-degree-recognized-by-french-state/"},"website":{"wt":"TechCrunch"},"date":{"wt":"7 July 2015"},"access-date":{"wt":"25 June 2017"},"archive-date":{"wt":"23 April 2017"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170423152308/https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/07/openclassrooms-launches-first-mooc-based-bachelor-degree-recognized-by-french-state/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt268" id="mwCKU"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/07/openclassrooms-launches-first-mooc-based-bachelor-degree-recognized-by-french-state/" class="external text" id="mwCKY">"OpenClassrooms Launches First MOOC-Based Bachelor Degree Recognized By French State"</a>. <i id="mwCKc">TechCrunch</i>. 7 July 2015. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423152308/https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/07/openclassrooms-launches-first-mooc-based-bachelor-degree-recognized-by-french-state/" class="external text" id="mwCKg">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCKk">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCKo">25 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=OpenClassrooms+Launches+First+MOOC-Based+Bachelor+Degree+Recognized+By+French+State&rft.date=2015-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2015%2F07%2F07%2Fopenclassrooms-launches-first-mooc-based-bachelor-degree-recognized-by-french-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt268" id="mwCKs"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-87" id="cite_note-87" data-mw-footnote-number="87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCKw"><a href="#cite_ref-87" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCK0"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCK4">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-87" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.edx.org/course/fantastic-places-unhuman-humans-exploring-humanity-through-literature" class="external autonumber" id="mwCK8"></a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514141459/https://www.edx.org/course/fantastic-places-unhuman-humans-exploring-humanity-through-literature" about="#mwt271" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwCLA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Webarchive","href":"./Template:Webarchive"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180514141459/https://www.edx.org/course/fantastic-places-unhuman-humans-exploring-humanity-through-literature"},"date":{"wt":"14 May 2018"}},"i":0}}]}'>Archived</a><span about="#mwt271" id="mwCLE"> 14 May 2018 at the </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" about="#mwt271" id="mwCLI">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" about="#mwt271" id="mwCLM"/>, edx</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-88" id="cite_note-88" data-mw-footnote-number="88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCLQ"><a href="#cite_ref-88" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCLU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCLY">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-88" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://elearning.healthsci.otago.ac.nz/2013/06/25/pacific-open-learning-health-net-polhn/" class="external text" id="mwCLc">Pacific Open Learning Health Net</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215122322/http://elearning.healthsci.otago.ac.nz/2013/06/25/pacific-open-learning-health-net-polhn/" about="#mwt273" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwCLg" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Webarchive","href":"./Template:Webarchive"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181215122322/http://elearning.healthsci.otago.ac.nz/2013/06/25/pacific-open-learning-health-net-polhn/"},"date":{"wt":"15 December 2018"}},"i":0}}]}'>Archived</a><span about="#mwt273" id="mwCLk"> 15 December 2018 at the </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" about="#mwt273" id="mwCLo">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" about="#mwt273" id="mwCLs"/>, eLearning NZ</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-:16-89" id="cite_note-:16-89" data-mw-footnote-number="89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCLw"><a href="#cite_ref-:16_89-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCL0"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCL4">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-:16-89" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zH7gzPU5Moo" about="#mwt277" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwCL8" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"YouTube","href":"./Template:YouTube"},"params":{"id":{"wt":"zH7gzPU5Moo"},"title":{"wt":"SXSWedu 2013 – MOOCS: Hype or Hope?"}},"i":0}}]}'><span class="plainlinks" id="mwCMA">SXSWedu 2013 – MOOCS: Hype or Hope?</span></a><span about="#mwt277" id="mwCME"> on </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" title="YouTube video (identifier)" about="#mwt277" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCMI">YouTube</a></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-:17-90" id="cite_note-:17-90" data-mw-footnote-number="90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCMM"><a href="#cite_ref-:17_90-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCMQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCMU">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-:17-90" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt279" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCMY" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Yang"},"first":{"wt":"Dennis"},"date":{"wt":"14 March 2013"},"title":{"wt":"Are We MOOC'd Out?"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dennis-yang/post_4496_b_2877799.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150404055722/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dennis-yang/post_4496_b_2877799.html"},"archive-date":{"wt":"4 April 2015"},"access-date":{"wt":"5 April 2013"},"work":{"wt":"The Huffington Post"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="mwCMc" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt279" data-x-id="CITEREFYang2013">Yang, Dennis (14 March 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dennis-yang/post_4496_b_2877799.html" class="external text" id="mwCMg">"Are We MOOC'd Out?"</a>. <i id="mwCMk">The Huffington Post</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404055722/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dennis-yang/post_4496_b_2877799.html" class="external text" id="mwCMo">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCMs">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCMw">5 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Are+We+MOOC%27d+Out%3F&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdennis-yang%2Fpost_4496_b_2877799.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt279" id="mwCM0"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Chron_survey-91" id="cite_note-Chron_survey-91" data-mw-footnote-number="91"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCM4"><a href="#cite_ref-Chron_survey_91-0" id="mwCM8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCNA">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chron_survey_91-1" id="mwCNE"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCNI">2</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Chron_survey-91" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt283" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCNM" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Kolowich"},"first":{"wt":"Steven"},"title":{"wt":"The Professors Who Make the MOOCs"},"url":{"wt":"http://chronicle.com/article/The-Professors-Behind-the-MOOC/137905/#id=overview"},"access-date":{"wt":"26 March 2013"},"newspaper":{"wt":"[[Chronicle of Higher Education]]"},"date":{"wt":"26 March 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"25 March 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130325013018/http://chronicle.com/article/The-Professors-Behind-the-MOOC/137905/#id=overview"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="mwCNQ" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt283" data-x-id="CITEREFKolowich2013">Kolowich, Steven (26 March 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://chronicle.com/article/The-Professors-Behind-the-MOOC/137905/#id=overview" class="external text" id="mwCNU">"The Professors Who Make the MOOCs"</a>. <i id="mwCNY"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="Chronicle of Higher Education" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCNc">Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130325013018/http://chronicle.com/article/The-Professors-Behind-the-MOOC/137905/#id=overview" class="external text" id="mwCNg">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCNk">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCNo">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+Professors+Who+Make+the+MOOCs&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft.aulast=Kolowich&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FThe-Professors-Behind-the-MOOC%2F137905%2F%23id%3Doverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt283" id="mwCNs"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-additional_results-92" id="cite_note-additional_results-92" data-mw-footnote-number="92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCNw"><a href="#cite_ref-additional_results_92-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCN0"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCN4">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-additional_results-92" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt286" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCN8" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Additional Results From The Chronicle's Survey"},"url":{"wt":"http://chronicle.com/article/The-Professors-Behind-the-MOOC/137905/#id=results"},"access-date":{"wt":"26 March 2013"},"newspaper":{"wt":"[[Chronicle of Higher Education]]"},"date":{"wt":"26 March 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"25 March 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130325013018/http://chronicle.com/article/The-Professors-Behind-the-MOOC/137905/#id=results"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt286" id="mwCOA"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://chronicle.com/article/The-Professors-Behind-the-MOOC/137905/#id=results" class="external text" id="mwCOE">"Additional Results From The Chronicle's Survey"</a>. <i id="mwCOI"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="Chronicle of Higher Education" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCOM">Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i>. 26 March 2013. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130325013018/http://chronicle.com/article/The-Professors-Behind-the-MOOC/137905/#id=results" class="external text" id="mwCOQ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCOU">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCOY">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Additional+Results+From+The+Chronicle%27s+Survey&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FThe-Professors-Behind-the-MOOC%2F137905%2F%23id%3Dresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt286" id="mwCOc"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-GTech-93" id="cite_note-GTech-93" data-mw-footnote-number="93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCOg"><a href="#cite_ref-GTech_93-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCOk"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCOo">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-GTech-93" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt289" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCOs" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Head"},"first":{"wt":"Karen"},"author-link":{"wt":"Karen Head"},"title":{"wt":"Sweating the Details of a MOOC in Progress"},"url":{"wt":"http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/sweating-the-details-of-a-mooc-in-progress/43315"},"access-date":{"wt":"6 April 2013"},"newspaper":{"wt":"[[Chronicle of Higher Education]]"},"date":{"wt":"3 April 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"8 April 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130408055703/http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/sweating-the-details-of-a-mooc-in-progress/43315"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFHead2013" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt289"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Head" title="Karen Head" id="mwCOw">Head, Karen</a> (3 April 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/sweating-the-details-of-a-mooc-in-progress/43315" class="external text" id="mwCO0">"Sweating the Details of a MOOC in Progress"</a>. <i id="mwCO4"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="Chronicle of Higher Education" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCO8">Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408055703/http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/sweating-the-details-of-a-mooc-in-progress/43315" class="external text" id="mwCPA">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCPE">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCPI">6 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Sweating+the+Details+of+a+MOOC+in+Progress&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Fblogs%2Fwiredcampus%2Fsweating-the-details-of-a-mooc-in-progress%2F43315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt289" id="mwCPM"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Duke_U-94" id="cite_note-Duke_U-94" data-mw-footnote-number="94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCPQ"><a href="#cite_ref-Duke_U_94-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCPU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCPY">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Duke_U-94" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKbPNx2TSgM" class="external text" id="mwCPc"><span class="plainlinks" id="mwCPg">10 Steps to Developing an Online Course: Walter Sinnott-Armstrong</span></a> on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" title="YouTube video (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCPk">YouTube</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University" id="mwCPo">Duke University</a></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Atha_U-95" id="cite_note-Atha_U-95" data-mw-footnote-number="95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCPs"><a href="#cite_ref-Atha_U_95-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCPw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCP0">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Atha_U-95" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt298" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" id="mwCP4" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwCP8"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316091142/http://www.slideshare.net/gsiemens/designing-and-running-a-mooc" class="external text" id="mwCQA">"Designing, developing and running (Massive) Online Courses by George Siemens"</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabasca_University" title="Athabasca University" id="mwCQE">Athabasca University</a>. 12 September 2012. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.slideshare.net/gsiemens/designing-and-running-a-mooc" class="external text" data-mw-original-href="http://www.slideshare.net/gsiemens/designing-and-running-a-mooc" id="mwCQI">the original</a> on 16 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCQM">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCQQ">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Designing%2C+developing+and+running+%28Massive%29+Online+Courses+by+George+Siemens&rft.pub=Athabasca+University&rft.date=2012-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fgsiemens%2Fdesigning-and-running-a-mooc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" id="mwCQU"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Yousef-96" id="cite_note-Yousef-96" data-mw-footnote-number="96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCQY"><a href="#cite_ref-Yousef_96-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCQc"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCQg">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Yousef-96" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt302" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCQk" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite conference ","href":"./Template:Cite_conference"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://www.openeducationeuropa.eu/en/article/MOOCs---A-Review-of-the-State-of-the-Art"},"title":{"wt":"MOOCs – A Review of the State-of-the-Art"},"publisher":{"wt":"Yousef, A. M. F., Chatti, M. A., Schroeder, U., Wosnitza, M., Jakobs, H."},"access-date":{"wt":"30 April 2015"},"date":{"wt":"April 2014"},"conference":{"wt":"CSEDU International Conference on Computer Supported Education 2014"},"location":{"wt":"Barcelona, Spain"},"pages":{"wt":"9–20"},"archive-date":{"wt":"25 September 2017"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170925181634/https://www.openeducationeuropa.eu/en/article/MOOCs---A-Review-of-the-State-of-the-Art"},"url-status":{"wt":"dead"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation conference cs1" about="#mwt302" id="mwCQo"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925181634/https://www.openeducationeuropa.eu/en/article/MOOCs---A-Review-of-the-State-of-the-Art" class="external text" id="mwCQs"><i id="mwCQw">MOOCs – A Review of the State-of-the-Art</i></a>. CSEDU International Conference on Computer Supported Education 2014. Barcelona, Spain: Yousef, A. M. F., Chatti, M. A., Schroeder, U., Wosnitza, M., Jakobs, H. April 2014. pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCQ0"> </span><span class="nowrap" id="mwCQ4">9–</span>20. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.openeducationeuropa.eu/en/article/MOOCs---A-Review-of-the-State-of-the-Art" class="external text" id="mwCQ8">the original</a> on 25 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCRA">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCRE">30 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=MOOCs+%E2%80%93+A+Review+of+the+State-of-the-Art&rft.place=Barcelona%2C+Spain&rft.pages=9-20&rft.pub=Yousef%2C+A.+M.+F.%2C+Chatti%2C+M.+A.%2C+Schroeder%2C+U.%2C+Wosnitza%2C+M.%2C+Jakobs%2C+H.&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openeducationeuropa.eu%2Fen%2Farticle%2FMOOCs---A-Review-of-the-State-of-the-Art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt302" id="mwCRI"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-EReality-97" id="cite_note-EReality-97" data-mw-footnote-number="97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCRM"><a href="#cite_ref-EReality_97-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCRQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCRU">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-EReality-97" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt305" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCRY" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Shirky"},"first":{"wt":"Clay"},"title":{"wt":"MOOCs and Economic Reality"},"url":{"wt":"http://chronicle.com/blogs/conversation/2013/07/08/moocs-and-economic-reality/"},"access-date":{"wt":"8 July 2013"},"newspaper":{"wt":"The Chronicle of Higher Education"},"date":{"wt":"8 July 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"15 July 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130715211417/http://chronicle.com/blogs/conversation/2013/07/08/moocs-and-economic-reality/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFShirky2013" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt305">Shirky, Clay (8 July 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://chronicle.com/blogs/conversation/2013/07/08/moocs-and-economic-reality/" class="external text" id="mwCRc">"MOOCs and Economic Reality"</a>. <i id="mwCRg">The Chronicle of Higher Education</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130715211417/http://chronicle.com/blogs/conversation/2013/07/08/moocs-and-economic-reality/" class="external text" id="mwCRk">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCRo">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCRs">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=MOOCs+and+Economic+Reality&rft.date=2013-07-08&rft.aulast=Shirky&rft.aufirst=Clay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Fblogs%2Fconversation%2F2013%2F07%2F08%2Fmoocs-and-economic-reality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt305" id="mwCRw"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Librarians_and_the_Era_of_the_MOOC-98" id="cite_note-Librarians_and_the_Era_of_the_MOOC-98" data-mw-footnote-number="98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCR0"><a href="#cite_ref-Librarians_and_the_Era_of_the_MOOC_98-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCR4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCR8">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Librarians_and_the_Era_of_the_MOOC-98" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt308" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCSA" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Librarians and the Era of the MOOC"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.scilogs.com/scientific_and_medical_libraries/librarians-and-the-era-of-the-mooc/"},"access-date":{"wt":"11 May 2013"},"work":{"wt":"SciLogs"},"date":{"wt":"9 May 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"9 November 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131109185749/http://www.scilogs.com/scientific_and_medical_libraries/librarians-and-the-era-of-the-mooc/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt308" id="mwCSE"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.scilogs.com/scientific_and_medical_libraries/librarians-and-the-era-of-the-mooc/" class="external text" id="mwCSI">"Librarians and the Era of the MOOC"</a>. <i id="mwCSM">SciLogs</i>. 9 May 2013. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109185749/http://www.scilogs.com/scientific_and_medical_libraries/librarians-and-the-era-of-the-mooc/" class="external text" id="mwCSQ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCSU">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCSY">11 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SciLogs&rft.atitle=Librarians+and+the+Era+of+the+MOOC&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scilogs.com%2Fscientific_and_medical_libraries%2Flibrarians-and-the-era-of-the-mooc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt308" id="mwCSc"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-99" id="cite_note-99" data-mw-footnote-number="99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCSg"><a href="#cite_ref-99" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCSk"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCSo">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-99" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt311" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCSs" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite journal","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Young"},"first":{"wt":"Jeffrey R."},"title":{"wt":"The Object Formerly Known as the Textbook"},"url":{"wt":"http://chronicle.com/article/Dont-Call-Them-Textbooks/136835/"},"journal":{"wt":"[[Chronicle of Higher Education]]"},"access-date":{"wt":"14 March 2013"},"date":{"wt":"27 January 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"1 April 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130401070535/http://chronicle.com/article/Dont-Call-Them-Textbooks/136835/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="mwCSw" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt311" data-x-id="CITEREFYoung2013">Young, Jeffrey R. (27 January 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://chronicle.com/article/Dont-Call-Them-Textbooks/136835/" class="external text" id="mwCS0">"The Object Formerly Known as the Textbook"</a>. <i id="mwCS4"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="Chronicle of Higher Education" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCS8">Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130401070535/http://chronicle.com/article/Dont-Call-Them-Textbooks/136835/" class="external text" id="mwCTA">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCTE">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCTI">14 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+Object+Formerly+Known+as+the+Textbook&rft.date=2013-01-27&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FDont-Call-Them-Textbooks%2F136835%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt311" id="mwCTM"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-100" id="cite_note-100" data-mw-footnote-number="100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCTQ"><a href="#cite_ref-100" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCTU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCTY">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-100" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt314" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCTc" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Holmes"},"first1":{"wt":"Lindsay"},"title":{"wt":"An Early Report Card on Massive Open Online Courses"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303759604579093400834738972"},"newspaper":{"wt":"The Wall Street Journal"},"access-date":{"wt":"3 May 2015"},"date":{"wt":"8 October 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"8 May 2015"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150508212752/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303759604579093400834738972"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2013" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt314">Holmes, Lindsay (8 October 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303759604579093400834738972" class="external text" id="mwCTg">"An Early Report Card on Massive Open Online Courses"</a>. <i id="mwCTk">The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150508212752/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303759604579093400834738972" class="external text" id="mwCTo">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCTs">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCTw">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Early+Report+Card+on+Massive+Open+Online+Courses&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702303759604579093400834738972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt314" id="mwCT0"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-DoF_1-101" id="cite_note-DoF_1-101" data-mw-footnote-number="101"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCT4"><a href="#cite_ref-DoF_1_101-0" id="mwCT8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCUA">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DoF_1_101-1" id="mwCUE"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCUI">2</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-DoF_1-101" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://degreeoffreedom.org/mooc-components-assessment/" class="external text" id="mwCUM">Degree of Freedom – an adventure in online learning</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512235836/http://degreeoffreedom.org/mooc-components-assessment/" about="#mwt327" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwCUQ" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Webarchive","href":"./Template:Webarchive"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130512235836/http://degreeoffreedom.org/mooc-components-assessment/"},"date":{"wt":"12 May 2013"}},"i":0}}]}'>Archived</a><span about="#mwt327" id="mwCUU"> 12 May 2013 at the </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" about="#mwt327" id="mwCUY">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" about="#mwt327" id="mwCUc"/>, <i id="mwCUg">MOOC Components – Assessment</i>, 22 March 2013.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-IHE_1-102" id="cite_note-IHE_1-102" data-mw-footnote-number="102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCUk"><a href="#cite_ref-IHE_1_102-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCUo"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCUs">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-IHE_1-102" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt319" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCUw" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Rivard"},"first":{"wt":"Ry"},"date":{"wt":"19 April 2013"},"title":{"wt":"EdX Rejected"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/04/19/despite-courtship-amherst-decides-shy-away-star-mooc-provider"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130422022501/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/04/19/despite-courtship-amherst-decides-shy-away-star-mooc-provider"},"archive-date":{"wt":"22 April 2013"},"access-date":{"wt":"22 April 2013"},"website":{"wt":"Inside Higher Education"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFRivard2013" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt319">Rivard, Ry (19 April 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/04/19/despite-courtship-amherst-decides-shy-away-star-mooc-provider" class="external text" id="mwCU0">"EdX Rejected"</a>. <i id="mwCU4">Inside Higher Education</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130422022501/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/04/19/despite-courtship-amherst-decides-shy-away-star-mooc-provider" class="external text" id="mwCU8">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCVA">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCVE">22 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=EdX+Rejected&rft.date=2013-04-19&rft.aulast=Rivard&rft.aufirst=Ry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F04%2F19%2Fdespite-courtship-amherst-decides-shy-away-star-mooc-provider&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt319" id="mwCVI"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-103" id="cite_note-103" data-mw-footnote-number="103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCVM"><a href="#cite_ref-103" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCVQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCVU">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-103" class="mw-reference-text reference-text">Carson, Steve. "<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://tofp.wordpress.com/2012/07/23/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-automated-assessment/" class="external text" id="mwCVY">What we talk about when we talk about automated assessment</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130101230357/http://tofp.wordpress.com/2012/07/23/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-automated-assessment/" about="#mwt322" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwCVc" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Webarchive","href":"./Template:Webarchive"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130101230357/http://tofp.wordpress.com/2012/07/23/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-automated-assessment/"},"date":{"wt":"1 January 2013"}},"i":0}}]}'>Archived</a><span about="#mwt322" id="mwCVg"> 1 January 2013 at the </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" about="#mwt322" id="mwCVk">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" about="#mwt322" id="mwCVo"/>" 23 July 2012</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-xMOOC_def-104" id="cite_note-xMOOC_def-104" data-mw-footnote-number="104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCVs"><a href="#cite_ref-xMOOC_def_104-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCVw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCV0">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-xMOOC_def-104" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt324" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCV4" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://plus.google.com/109526159908242471749/posts/LEwaKxL2MaM"},"title":{"wt":"What the 'x' in 'xMOOC' stands for"},"date":{"wt":"9 April 2013"},"access-date":{"wt":"17 May 2014"},"author":{"wt":"Downes, Stephen"},"archive-date":{"wt":"1 June 2014"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140601012325/https://plus.google.com/109526159908242471749/posts/LEwaKxL2MaM"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFDownes,_Stephen2013" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt324">Downes, Stephen (9 April 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://plus.google.com/109526159908242471749/posts/LEwaKxL2MaM" class="external text" id="mwCV8">"What the 'x' in 'xMOOC' stands for"</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140601012325/https://plus.google.com/109526159908242471749/posts/LEwaKxL2MaM" class="external text" id="mwCWA">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCWE">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCWI">17 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+the+%27x%27+in+%27xMOOC%27+stands+for&rft.date=2013-04-09&rft.au=Downes%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplus.google.com%2F109526159908242471749%2Fposts%2FLEwaKxL2MaM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt324" id="mwCWM"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-NYT030212-105" id="cite_note-NYT030212-105" data-mw-footnote-number="105"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCWQ"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT030212_105-0" id="mwCWU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCWY">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT030212_105-1" id="mwCWc"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCWg">2</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYT030212-105" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt329" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCWk" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Eisenberg"},"first":{"wt":"Anne"},"title":{"wt":"Keeping an Eye on Online Test-Takers"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/03/technology/new-technologies-aim-to-foil-online-course-cheating.html?_r=1&"},"access-date":{"wt":"19 April 2013"},"newspaper":{"wt":"The New York Times"},"date":{"wt":"2 March 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"24 April 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130424070343/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/03/technology/new-technologies-aim-to-foil-online-course-cheating.html?_r=1&"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFEisenberg2013" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt329">Eisenberg, Anne (2 March 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/03/technology/new-technologies-aim-to-foil-online-course-cheating.html?_r=1&" class="external text" id="mwCWo">"Keeping an Eye on Online Test-Takers"</a>. <i id="mwCWs">The New York Times</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424070343/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/03/technology/new-technologies-aim-to-foil-online-course-cheating.html?_r=1&" class="external text" id="mwCWw">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCW0">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCW4">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Keeping+an+Eye+on+Online+Test-Takers&rft.date=2013-03-02&rft.aulast=Eisenberg&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F03%2F03%2Ftechnology%2Fnew-technologies-aim-to-foil-online-course-cheating.html%3F_r%3D1%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt329" id="mwCW8"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-106" id="cite_note-106" data-mw-footnote-number="106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCXA"><a href="#cite_ref-106" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCXE"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCXI">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-106" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt332" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCXM" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Wong"},"first":{"wt":"Michael"},"title":{"wt":"Online Peer Assessment in MOOCs: Students Learning from Students"},"url":{"wt":"http://ctlt.ubc.ca/2013/03/28/online-peer-assessment-in-moocs-students-learning-from-students/"},"work":{"wt":"Centre for Teaching, Learning and Technology Newsletter"},"publisher":{"wt":"University of British Columbia"},"access-date":{"wt":"20 April 2013"},"date":{"wt":"28 March 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"11 May 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130511010836/http://ctlt.ubc.ca/2013/03/28/online-peer-assessment-in-moocs-students-learning-from-students/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFWong2013" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt332">Wong, Michael (28 March 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://ctlt.ubc.ca/2013/03/28/online-peer-assessment-in-moocs-students-learning-from-students/" class="external text" id="mwCXQ">"Online Peer Assessment in MOOCs: Students Learning from Students"</a>. <i id="mwCXU">Centre for Teaching, Learning and Technology Newsletter</i>. University of British Columbia. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511010836/http://ctlt.ubc.ca/2013/03/28/online-peer-assessment-in-moocs-students-learning-from-students/" class="external text" id="mwCXY">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCXc">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCXg">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+for+Teaching%2C+Learning+and+Technology+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Online+Peer+Assessment+in+MOOCs%3A+Students+Learning+from+Students&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctlt.ubc.ca%2F2013%2F03%2F28%2Fonline-peer-assessment-in-moocs-students-learning-from-students%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt332" id="mwCXk"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-NYT032513-107" id="cite_note-NYT032513-107" data-mw-footnote-number="107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCXo"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT032513_107-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCXs"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCXw">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYT032513-107" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt339" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCX0" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Harvard Asks Graduates to Donate Time to Free Online Humanities Class"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/education/harvard-asks-alumni-to-donate-time-to-free-online-course.html"},"access-date":{"wt":"26 March 2013"},"newspaper":{"wt":"The New York Times"},"date":{"wt":"25 March 2013"},"author":{"wt":"Richard Pérez-Peña"},"archive-date":{"wt":"26 March 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130326024908/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/education/harvard-asks-alumni-to-donate-time-to-free-online-course.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Pérez-Peña2013" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt339">Richard Pérez-Peña (25 March 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/education/harvard-asks-alumni-to-donate-time-to-free-online-course.html" class="external text" id="mwCX4">"Harvard Asks Graduates to Donate Time to Free Online Humanities Class"</a>. <i id="mwCX8">The New York Times</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130326024908/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/education/harvard-asks-alumni-to-donate-time-to-free-online-course.html" class="external text" id="mwCYA">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCYE">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCYI">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Harvard+Asks+Graduates+to+Donate+Time+to+Free+Online+Humanities+Class&rft.date=2013-03-25&rft.au=Richard+P%C3%A9rez-Pe%C3%B1a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F03%2F26%2Feducation%2Fharvard-asks-alumni-to-donate-time-to-free-online-course.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt339" id="mwCYM"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-oltraining6-108" id="cite_note-oltraining6-108" data-mw-footnote-number="108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCYQ"><a href="#cite_ref-oltraining6_108-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCYU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCYY">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-oltraining6-108" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt342" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCYc" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite journal","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last2":{"wt":"Fournier"},"first2":{"wt":"Helene"},"date":{"wt":"Fall 2010"},"title":{"wt":"New Dimensions to Self-Directed Learning in an Open Networked Learning Environment"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.oltraining.com/SDLwebsite/IJSDL/IJSDL7.2-2010.pdf#page=6"},"journal":{"wt":"International Journal of Self-Directed Learning"},"volume":{"wt":"7"},"issue":{"wt":"2"},"last1":{"wt":"Kop"},"first1":{"wt":"Rita"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120120015601/http://www.oltraining.com/SDLwebsite/IJSDL/IJSDL7.2-2010.pdf"},"archive-date":{"wt":"20 January 2012"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFKopFournier2010" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt342">Kop, Rita; Fournier, Helene (Fall 2010). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120015601/http://www.oltraining.com/SDLwebsite/IJSDL/IJSDL7.2-2010.pdf" class="external text" id="mwCYg">"New Dimensions to Self-Directed Learning in an Open Networked Learning Environment"</a> <span class="cs1-format" id="mwCYk">(PDF)</span>. <i id="mwCYo">International Journal of Self-Directed Learning</i>. <b id="mwCYs">7</b> (2). Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.oltraining.com/SDLwebsite/IJSDL/IJSDL7.2-2010.pdf#page=6" class="external text" id="mwCYw">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" id="mwCY0">(PDF)</span> on 20 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Self-Directed+Learning&rft.atitle=New+Dimensions+to+Self-Directed+Learning+in+an+Open+Networked+Learning+Environment&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kop&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft.au=Fournier%2C+Helene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oltraining.com%2FSDLwebsite%2FIJSDL%2FIJSDL7.2-2010.pdf%23page%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt342" id="mwCY4"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-BG_Haber-109" id="cite_note-BG_Haber-109" data-mw-footnote-number="109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCY8"><a href="#cite_ref-BG_Haber_109-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCZA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCZE">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-BG_Haber-109" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt346" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCZI" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Bombardieri"},"first":{"wt":"Marcella"},"date":{"wt":"14 April 2013"},"title":{"wt":"Can you MOOC your way through college in one year?"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2013/04/13/can-you-mooc-your-way-through-college-one-year-can-you-mooc-your-way-through-college-one-year/lAPwwe2OYNLbP9EHitgc3L/story.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"dead"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181117063903/https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2013/04/13/can-you-mooc-your-way-through-college-one-year-can-you-mooc-your-way-through-college-one-year/lAPwwe2OYNLbP9EHitgc3L/story.html"},"archive-date":{"wt":"17 November 2018"},"access-date":{"wt":"23 April 2013"},"newspaper":{"wt":"The Boston Globe"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFBombardieri2013" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt346">Bombardieri, Marcella (14 April 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117063903/https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2013/04/13/can-you-mooc-your-way-through-college-one-year-can-you-mooc-your-way-through-college-one-year/lAPwwe2OYNLbP9EHitgc3L/story.html" class="external text" id="mwCZM">"Can you MOOC your way through college in one year?"</a>. <i id="mwCZQ">The Boston Globe</i>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2013/04/13/can-you-mooc-your-way-through-college-one-year-can-you-mooc-your-way-through-college-one-year/lAPwwe2OYNLbP9EHitgc3L/story.html" class="external text" id="mwCZU">the original</a> on 17 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCZY">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCZc">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Can+you+MOOC+your+way+through+college+in+one+year%3F&rft.date=2013-04-14&rft.aulast=Bombardieri&rft.aufirst=Marcella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fideas%2F2013%2F04%2F13%2Fcan-you-mooc-your-way-through-college-one-year-can-you-mooc-your-way-through-college-one-year%2FlAPwwe2OYNLbP9EHitgc3L%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt346" id="mwCZg"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-AJJ-110" id="cite_note-AJJ-110" data-mw-footnote-number="110"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCZk"><a href="#cite_ref-AJJ_110-0" id="mwCZo"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCZs">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJJ_110-1" id="mwCZw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCZ0">2</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-AJJ-110" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt349" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCZ4" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Jacobs"},"first":{"wt":"A.J."},"title":{"wt":"Two Cheers for Web U!"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/opinion/sunday/grading-the-mooc-university.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0"},"access-date":{"wt":"23 April 2013"},"newspaper":{"wt":"The New York Times, Sunday Review"},"date":{"wt":"21 April 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"25 April 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130425072817/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/opinion/sunday/grading-the-mooc-university.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2013" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt349">Jacobs, A.J. (21 April 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/opinion/sunday/grading-the-mooc-university.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0" class="external text" id="mwCZ8">"Two Cheers for Web U!"</a>. <i id="mwCaA">The New York Times, Sunday Review</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425072817/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/opinion/sunday/grading-the-mooc-university.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0" class="external text" id="mwCaE">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCaI">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCaM">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times%2C+Sunday+Review&rft.atitle=Two+Cheers+for+Web+U%21&rft.date=2013-04-21&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F04%2F21%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fgrading-the-mooc-university.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt349" id="mwCaQ"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-NPR_AJ-111" id="cite_note-NPR_AJ-111" data-mw-footnote-number="111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCaU"><a href="#cite_ref-NPR_AJ_111-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCaY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCac">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-NPR_AJ-111" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt353" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCag" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Making the most of MOOCs: the ins and outs of e-learning"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=178623872&m=178623848"},"work":{"wt":"Talk of the Nation"},"publisher":{"wt":"National Public Radio"},"access-date":{"wt":"23 April 2013"},"format":{"wt":"Radio interview and call-in"},"date":{"wt":"23 April 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"26 March 2014"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140326171818/http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=178623872&m=178623848"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt353" id="mwCak"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=178623872&m=178623848" class="external text" id="mwCao">"Making the most of MOOCs: the ins and outs of e-learning"</a> <span class="cs1-format" id="mwCas">(Radio interview and call-in)</span>. <i id="mwCaw">Talk of the Nation</i>. National Public Radio. 23 April 2013. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326171818/http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=178623872&m=178623848" class="external text" id="mwCa0">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCa4">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCa8">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Talk+of+the+Nation&rft.atitle=Making+the+most+of+MOOCs%3A+the+ins+and+outs+of+e-learning&rft.date=2013-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fplayer%2Fv2%2FmediaPlayer.html%3Faction%3D1%26t%3D1%26islist%3Dfalse%26id%3D178623872%26m%3D178623848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt353" id="mwCbA"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-avalanche-112" id="cite_note-avalanche-112" data-mw-footnote-number="112"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCbE"><a href="#cite_ref-avalanche_112-0" id="mwCbI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCbM">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avalanche_112-1" id="mwCbQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCbU">2</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-avalanche-112" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt356" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCbY" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite book","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Barber"},"first":{"wt":"Michael"},"title":{"wt":"An Avalanche is Coming; Higher Education and the Revolution Ahead"},"publisher":{"wt":"[[Institute for Public Policy Research]]"},"location":{"wt":"London"},"page":{"wt":"71"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.insidehighered.com/sites/default/server_files/files/FINAL%20Embargoed%20Avalanche%20Paper%20130306%20(1).pdf"},"author-link":{"wt":"Sir Michael Barber"},"author2":{"wt":"Katelyn Donnelly"},"author3":{"wt":"Saad Rizvi"},"access-date":{"wt":"14 March 2013"},"date":{"wt":"March 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"16 June 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130616025100/http://www.insidehighered.com/sites/default/server_files/files/FINAL%20Embargoed%20Avalanche%20Paper%20130306%20(1).pdf"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFBarberKatelyn_DonnellySaad_Rizvi2013" class="citation book cs1" about="#mwt356"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Michael_Barber" title="Sir Michael Barber" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCbc">Barber, Michael</a>; Katelyn Donnelly; Saad Rizvi (March 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.insidehighered.com/sites/default/server_files/files/FINAL%20Embargoed%20Avalanche%20Paper%20130306%20(1).pdf" class="external text" id="mwCbg"><i id="mwCbk">An Avalanche is Coming; Higher Education and the Revolution Ahead</i></a> <span class="cs1-format" id="mwCbo">(PDF)</span>. London: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Public Policy Research" id="mwCbs">Institute for Public Policy Research</a>. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCbw"> </span>71. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616025100/http://www.insidehighered.com/sites/default/server_files/files/FINAL%20Embargoed%20Avalanche%20Paper%20130306%20(1).pdf" class="external text" id="mwCb0">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format" id="mwCb4">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCb8">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCcA">14 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Avalanche+is+Coming%3B+Higher+Education+and+the+Revolution+Ahead&rft.place=London&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Institute+for+Public+Policy+Research&rft.date=2013-03&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Katelyn+Donnelly&rft.au=Saad+Rizvi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Fserver_files%2Ffiles%2FFINAL%2520Embargoed%2520Avalanche%2520Paper%2520130306%2520%281%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt356" id="mwCcE"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Times_HE-113" id="cite_note-Times_HE-113" data-mw-footnote-number="113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCcI"><a href="#cite_ref-Times_HE_113-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCcM"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCcQ">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Times_HE-113" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt359" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCcU" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Parr"},"first":{"wt":"Chris"},"title":{"wt":"Fund 'pick-and-mix' MOOC generation, ex-wonk advises"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/fund-pick-and-mix-mooc-generation-ex-wonk-advises/2002535.article"},"access-date":{"wt":"14 March 2013"},"newspaper":{"wt":"Times Higher Education (London)"},"date":{"wt":"14 March 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"20 March 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130320062712/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/fund-pick-and-mix-mooc-generation-ex-wonk-advises/2002535.article"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="mwCcY" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt359" data-x-id="CITEREFParr2013">Parr, Chris (14 March 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/fund-pick-and-mix-mooc-generation-ex-wonk-advises/2002535.article" class="external text" id="mwCcc">"Fund 'pick-and-mix' MOOC generation, ex-wonk advises"</a>. <i id="mwCcg">Times Higher Education (London)</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320062712/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/fund-pick-and-mix-mooc-generation-ex-wonk-advises/2002535.article" class="external text" id="mwCck">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCco">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCcs">14 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education+%28London%29&rft.atitle=Fund+%27pick-and-mix%27+MOOC+generation%2C+ex-wonk+advises&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.aulast=Parr&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ffund-pick-and-mix-mooc-generation-ex-wonk-advises%2F2002535.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt359" id="mwCcw"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-114" id="cite_note-114" data-mw-footnote-number="114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCc0"><a href="#cite_ref-114" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCc4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCc8">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-114" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt362" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCdA" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Watters"},"first":{"wt":"Audrey"},"title":{"wt":"Unbundling and Unmooring: Technology and the Higher Ed Tsunami"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/unbundling-and-unmooring-technology-and-higher-ed-tsunami"},"work":{"wt":"Educause Review"},"access-date":{"wt":"14 March 2013"},"date":{"wt":"5 September 2012"},"archive-date":{"wt":"25 December 2016"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150927/https://www.educause.edu/ero/article/unbundling-and-unmooring-technology-and-higher-ed-tsunami"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFWatters2012" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt362">Watters, Audrey (5 September 2012). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/unbundling-and-unmooring-technology-and-higher-ed-tsunami" class="external text" id="mwCdE">"Unbundling and Unmooring: Technology and the Higher Ed Tsunami"</a>. <i id="mwCdI">Educause Review</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150927/https://www.educause.edu/ero/article/unbundling-and-unmooring-technology-and-higher-ed-tsunami" class="external text" id="mwCdM">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCdQ">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCdU">14 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Educause+Review&rft.atitle=Unbundling+and+Unmooring%3A+Technology+and+the+Higher+Ed+Tsunami&rft.date=2012-09-05&rft.aulast=Watters&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.educause.edu%2Fero%2Farticle%2Funbundling-and-unmooring-technology-and-higher-ed-tsunami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt362" id="mwCdY"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-KCarey-115" id="cite_note-KCarey-115" data-mw-footnote-number="115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCdc"><a href="#cite_ref-KCarey_115-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCdg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCdk">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-KCarey-115" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt365" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCdo" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite journal","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Carey"},"first":{"wt":"Kevin"},"title":{"wt":"Into the Future With MOOC's"},"date":{"wt":"3 September 2012"},"url":{"wt":"http://chronicle.com/article/Into-the-Future-With-MOOCs/134080/"},"journal":{"wt":"[[Chronicle of Higher Education]]"},"access-date":{"wt":"20 March 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"25 March 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130325204808/http://chronicle.com/article/Into-the-Future-With-MOOCs/134080/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFCarey2012" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt365">Carey, Kevin (3 September 2012). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://chronicle.com/article/Into-the-Future-With-MOOCs/134080/" class="external text" id="mwCds">"Into the Future With MOOC's"</a>. <i id="mwCdw"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="Chronicle of Higher Education" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCd0">Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130325204808/http://chronicle.com/article/Into-the-Future-With-MOOCs/134080/" class="external text" id="mwCd4">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCd8">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCeA">20 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Into+the+Future+With+MOOC%27s&rft.date=2012-09-03&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FInto-the-Future-With-MOOCs%2F134080%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt365" id="mwCeE"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-Mazoue-120" id="cite_note-Mazoue-120" data-mw-footnote-number="120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCg4"><a href="#cite_ref-Mazoue_120-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCg8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwChA">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Mazoue-120" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt384" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" id="mwChE" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><cite id="CITEREFMazoue2013" class="citation web cs1">Mazoue, James G. (28 January 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/mooc-model-challenging-traditional-education" class="external text" id="mwChI">"The MOOC Model: Challenging Traditional Education"</a>. EDUCAUSE Review Online. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130331061721/http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/mooc-model-challenging-traditional-education" class="external text" id="mwChM">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwChQ">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwChU">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+MOOC+Model%3A+Challenging+Traditional+Education&rft.pub=EDUCAUSE+Review+Online&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft.aulast=Mazoue&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.educause.edu%2Fero%2Farticle%2Fmooc-model-challenging-traditional-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" id="mwChY"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-NYT010613-121" id="cite_note-NYT010613-121" data-mw-footnote-number="121"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwChc"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT010613_121-0" id="mwChg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwChk">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT010613_121-1" id="mwCho"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwChs">2</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT010613_121-2" id="mwChw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCh0">3</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYT010613-121" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt392" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" id="mwCh4" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><cite id="mwCh8" class="citation news cs1" data-x-id="CITEREFLewin2013">Lewin, Tamar (6 January 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/07/education/massive-open-online-courses-prove-popular-if-not-lucrative-yet.html" class="external text" id="mwCiA">"Students Rush to Web Classes, but Profits May Be Much Later"</a>. <i id="mwCiE"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" id="mwCiI">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731173122/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/07/education/massive-open-online-courses-prove-popular-if-not-lucrative-yet.html" class="external text" id="mwCiM">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCiQ">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCiU">6 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Students+Rush+to+Web+Classes%2C+but+Profits+May+Be+Much+Later&rft.date=2013-01-06&rft.aulast=Lewin&rft.aufirst=Tamar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F01%2F07%2Feducation%2Fmassive-open-online-courses-prove-popular-if-not-lucrative-yet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" id="mwCiY"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-122" id="cite_note-122" data-mw-footnote-number="122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCic"><a href="#cite_ref-122" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCig"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCik">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-122" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt396" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCio" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite book","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Iiyoshi"},"first1":{"wt":"Toru"},"last2":{"wt":"Kumar"},"first2":{"wt":"M. S. Vijay"},"title":{"wt":"Opening Up Education: The Collective Advancement of Education through Open Technology, Open Content, and Open Knowledge"},"publisher":{"wt":"MIT Press"},"year":{"wt":"2008"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-0262033718"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFIiyoshiKumar2008" class="citation book cs1" about="#mwt396">Iiyoshi, Toru; Kumar, M. S. Vijay (2008). <i id="mwCis">Opening Up Education: The Collective Advancement of Education through Open Technology, Open Content, and Open Knowledge</i>. MIT Press. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCiw">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCi0"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262033718" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262033718" id="mwCi4"><bdi id="mwCi8">978-0262033718</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opening+Up+Education%3A+The+Collective+Advancement+of+Education+through+Open+Technology%2C+Open+Content%2C+and+Open+Knowledge&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0262033718&rft.aulast=Iiyoshi&rft.aufirst=Toru&rft.au=Kumar%2C+M.+S.+Vijay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt396" id="mwCjA"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-123" id="cite_note-123" data-mw-footnote-number="123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCjE"><a href="#cite_ref-123" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCjI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCjM">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-123" class="mw-reference-text reference-text">Yuan, Li, and Stephen Powell. MOOCs and Open Education: Implications for Higher Education White Paper. University of Bolton: CETIS, 2013. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://publications.cetis.ac.uk/2013/667" class="external free" id="mwCjQ">http://publications.cetis.ac.uk/2013/667</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130326073004/http://publications.cetis.ac.uk/2013/667" about="#mwt399" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwCjU" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Webarchive","href":"./Template:Webarchive"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130326073004/http://publications.cetis.ac.uk/2013/667"},"date":{"wt":"26 March 2013"}},"i":0}}]}'>Archived</a><span about="#mwt399" id="mwCjY"> 26 March 2013 at the </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" about="#mwt399" id="mwCjc">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" about="#mwt399" id="mwCjg"/>.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-124" id="cite_note-124" data-mw-footnote-number="124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCjk"><a href="#cite_ref-124" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCjo"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCjs">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-124" class="mw-reference-text reference-text">Koller, Daphne. An update on assessments, grades and certification, Coursera blog, 2015. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://blog.coursera.org/post/131520811622/an-update-on-assessments-grades-and" class="external free" data-mw-original-href="http://blog.coursera.org/post/131520811622/an-update-on-assessments-grades-and" id="mwCjw">http://blog.coursera.org/post/131520811622/an-update-on-assessments-grades-and</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151024234625/http://blog.coursera.org/post/131520811622/an-update-on-assessments-grades-and" about="#mwt401" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwCj0" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Webarchive","href":"./Template:Webarchive"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151024234625/http://blog.coursera.org/post/131520811622/an-update-on-assessments-grades-and"},"date":{"wt":"24 October 2015"}},"i":0}}]}'>Archived</a><span about="#mwt401" id="mwCj4"> 24 October 2015 at the </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" about="#mwt401" id="mwCj8">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" about="#mwt401" id="mwCkA"/></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-125" id="cite_note-125" data-mw-footnote-number="125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCkE"><a href="#cite_ref-125" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCkI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCkM">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-125" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt427" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCkQ" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite journal ","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Carey"},"first":{"wt":"Kevin"},"url":{"wt":"http://chronicle.com/article/Revenge-of-the-Underpaid/131919/"},"title":{"wt":"Revenge of the Underpaid Professors"},"journal":{"wt":"The Chronicle of Higher Education"},"date":{"wt":"20 May 2012"},"access-date":{"wt":"13 October 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"17 October 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131017001855/http://chronicle.com/article/Revenge-of-the-Underpaid/131919/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="mwCkU" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt427" data-x-id="CITEREFCarey2012">Carey, Kevin (20 May 2012). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://chronicle.com/article/Revenge-of-the-Underpaid/131919/" class="external text" id="mwCkY">"Revenge of the Underpaid Professors"</a>. <i id="mwCkc">The Chronicle of Higher Education</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017001855/http://chronicle.com/article/Revenge-of-the-Underpaid/131919/" class="external text" id="mwCkg">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCkk">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCko">13 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Revenge+of+the+Underpaid+Professors&rft.date=2012-05-20&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FRevenge-of-the-Underpaid%2F131919%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt427" id="mwCks"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-TechCrunch-126" id="cite_note-TechCrunch-126" data-mw-footnote-number="126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCkw"><a href="#cite_ref-TechCrunch_126-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCk0"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCk4">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-TechCrunch-126" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt431" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCk8" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Edukart Raises $500K To Bring Better Online Education To India And The Developing World"},"work":{"wt":"[[TechCrunch]]"},"date":{"wt":"30 May 2013"},"url":{"wt":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/05/30/edukart-raises-500k-to-bring-better-online-education-to-india-and-the-developing-world/"},"access-date":{"wt":"16 September 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"17 September 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130917175649/http://techcrunch.com/2013/05/30/edukart-raises-500k-to-bring-better-online-education-to-india-and-the-developing-world/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt431" id="mwClA"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://techcrunch.com/2013/05/30/edukart-raises-500k-to-bring-better-online-education-to-india-and-the-developing-world/" class="external text" id="mwClE">"Edukart Raises $500K To Bring Better Online Education To India And The Developing World"</a>. <i id="mwClI"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch" id="mwClM">TechCrunch</a></i>. 30 May 2013. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917175649/http://techcrunch.com/2013/05/30/edukart-raises-500k-to-bring-better-online-education-to-india-and-the-developing-world/" class="external text" id="mwClQ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwClU">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwClY">16 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Edukart+Raises+%24500K+To+Bring+Better+Online+Education+To+India+And+The+Developing+World&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2013%2F05%2F30%2Fedukart-raises-500k-to-bring-better-online-education-to-india-and-the-developing-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt431" id="mwClc"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-CETIS-127" id="cite_note-CETIS-127" data-mw-footnote-number="127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwClg"><a href="#cite_ref-CETIS_127-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwClk"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwClo">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-CETIS-127" class="mw-reference-text reference-text">Yuan, Li, and Stephen Powell. MOOCs and Open Education: Implications for Higher Education White Paper. University of Bolton: CETIS, 2013.<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://publications.cetis.ac.uk/2013/667" class="external free" id="mwCls">http://publications.cetis.ac.uk/2013/667</a>, p.10</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-WSJ020713-128" id="cite_note-WSJ020713-128" data-mw-footnote-number="128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwClw"><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ020713_128-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCl0"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCl4">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-WSJ020713-128" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt435" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCl8" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Korn"},"first":{"wt":"Melissa"},"title":{"wt":"Big MOOC Coursera Moves Closer to Academic Acceptance"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324906004578288341039095024"},"access-date":{"wt":"8 March 2013"},"newspaper":{"wt":"[[The Wall Street Journal]]"},"date":{"wt":"7 February 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"1 February 2015"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150201040110/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324906004578288341039095024"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFKorn2013" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt435">Korn, Melissa (7 February 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324906004578288341039095024" class="external text" id="mwCmA">"Big MOOC Coursera Moves Closer to Academic Acceptance"</a>. <i id="mwCmE"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal" id="mwCmI">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150201040110/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324906004578288341039095024" class="external text" id="mwCmM">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCmQ">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCmU">8 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Big+MOOC+Coursera+Moves+Closer+to+Academic+Acceptance&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft.aulast=Korn&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424127887324906004578288341039095024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt435" id="mwCmY"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-no_takers-129" id="cite_note-no_takers-129" data-mw-footnote-number="129"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCmc"><a href="#cite_ref-no_takers_129-0" id="mwCmg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCmk">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-no_takers_129-1" id="mwCmo"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCms">2</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-no_takers-129" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt442" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCmw" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite journal","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Kolowich"},"first":{"wt":"Steve"},"title":{"wt":"A University's Offer of Credit for a MOOC Gets No Takers"},"url":{"wt":"http://chronicle.com/article/A-Universitys-Offer-of-Credit/140131/"},"journal":{"wt":"Chronicle of Higher Education"},"access-date":{"wt":"25 July 2013"},"date":{"wt":"8 July 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"12 July 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130712011057/http://chronicle.com/article/A-Universitys-Offer-of-Credit/140131/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="mwCm0" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt442" data-x-id="CITEREFKolowich2013">Kolowich, Steve (8 July 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://chronicle.com/article/A-Universitys-Offer-of-Credit/140131/" class="external text" id="mwCm4">"A University's Offer of Credit for a MOOC Gets No Takers"</a>. <i id="mwCm8">Chronicle of Higher Education</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130712011057/http://chronicle.com/article/A-Universitys-Offer-of-Credit/140131/" class="external text" id="mwCnA">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCnE">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCnI">25 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=A+University%27s+Offer+of+Credit+for+a+MOOC+Gets+No+Takers&rft.date=2013-07-08&rft.aulast=Kolowich&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FA-Universitys-Offer-of-Credit%2F140131%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt442" id="mwCnM"></span> Udacity, which is offering an online master's degree in computer science in partnership with Georgia Tech, reported in October 2013 that applications for the term starting in January 2014 were more than double the number of applications that Georgia Tech receives for its traditional program. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt444" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCnQ" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Belkin"},"first":{"wt":"douglas"},"title":{"wt":"First-of-Its-Kind Online Master's Draws Wave of Applicants"},"url":{"wt":"http://stream.wsj.com/story/latest-headlines/SS-2-63399/SS-2-368104/"},"access-date":{"wt":"31 October 2013"},"date":{"wt":"30 October 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2 November 2013"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131102205812/http://stream.wsj.com/story/latest-headlines/SS-2-63399/SS-2-368104/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFBelkin2013" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt444">Belkin, douglas (30 October 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://stream.wsj.com/story/latest-headlines/SS-2-63399/SS-2-368104/" class="external text" data-mw-original-href="http://stream.wsj.com/story/latest-headlines/SS-2-63399/SS-2-368104/" id="mwCnU">"First-of-Its-Kind Online Master's Draws Wave of Applicants"</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102205812/http://stream.wsj.com/story/latest-headlines/SS-2-63399/SS-2-368104/" class="external text" id="mwCnY">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCnc">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCng">31 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First-of-Its-Kind+Online+Master%27s+Draws+Wave+of+Applicants&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft.aulast=Belkin&rft.aufirst=douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstream.wsj.com%2Fstory%2Flatest-headlines%2FSS-2-63399%2FSS-2-368104%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt444" id="mwCnk"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-130" id="cite_note-130" data-mw-footnote-number="130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCno"><a href="#cite_ref-130" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCns"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCnw">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-130" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt439" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCn0" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite journal","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Kursun"},"first":{"wt":"Engin"},"date":{"wt":"2016-05-16"},"title":{"wt":"Does Formal Credit Work for MOOC-Like Learning Environments?"},"journal":{"wt":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning"},"volume":{"wt":"17"},"issue":{"wt":"3"},"doi":{"wt":"10.19173/irrodl.v17i3.2403"},"issn":{"wt":"1492-3831"},"doi-access":{"wt":"free"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFKursun2016" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt439">Kursun, Engin (16 May 2016). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.19173%2Firrodl.v17i3.2403" class="external text" id="mwCn4">"Does Formal Credit Work for MOOC-Like Learning Environments?"</a>. <i id="mwCn8">The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning</i>. <b id="mwCoA">17</b> (3). <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCoE">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible" id="mwCoI"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.19173%2Firrodl.v17i3.2403" class="external text" id="mwCoM">10.19173/irrodl.v17i3.2403</a></span>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCoQ">ISSN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCoU"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1492-3831" class="external text" id="mwCoY">1492-3831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Review+of+Research+in+Open+and+Distributed+Learning&rft.atitle=Does+Formal+Credit+Work+for+MOOC-Like+Learning+Environments%3F&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2016-05-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.19173%2Firrodl.v17i3.2403&rft.issn=1492-3831&rft.aulast=Kursun&rft.aufirst=Engin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.19173%252Firrodl.v17i3.2403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt439" id="mwCoc"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-NYT012313-131" id="cite_note-NYT012313-131" data-mw-footnote-number="131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCog"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT012313_131-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCok"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCoo">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYT012313-131" class="mw-reference-text reference-text">Tamar Lewin. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/23/education/public-universities-to-offer-free-online-classes-for-credit.html" class="external text" id="mwCos">Public Universities to Offer Free Online Classes for Credit</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301193251/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/23/education/public-universities-to-offer-free-online-classes-for-credit.html" about="#mwt447" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwCow" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Webarchive","href":"./Template:Webarchive"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170301193251/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/23/education/public-universities-to-offer-free-online-classes-for-credit.html"},"date":{"wt":"1 March 2017"}},"i":0}}]}'>Archived</a><span about="#mwt447" id="mwCo0"> 1 March 2017 at the </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" about="#mwt447" id="mwCo4">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" about="#mwt447" id="mwCo8"/>. 23 January 2013</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-132" id="cite_note-132" data-mw-footnote-number="132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCpA"><a href="#cite_ref-132" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCpE"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCpI">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-132" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt449" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCpM" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Kolowich"},"first":{"wt":"Steve"},"url":{"wt":"http://chronicle.com/article/How-EdX-Plans-to-Earn-and/137433/"},"title":{"wt":"How EdX Plans to Earn, and Share, Revenue From Free Online Courses"},"publisher":{"wt":"The Chronicle of Higher Education"},"website":{"wt":"Chronicle.com"},"date":{"wt":"21 February 2013"},"access-date":{"wt":"30 May 2013"},"archive-date":{"wt":"22 September 2015"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150922154012/http://chronicle.com/article/How-edX-Plans-to-Earn-and/137433/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="mwCpQ" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt449" data-x-id="CITEREFKolowich2013">Kolowich, Steve (21 February 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://chronicle.com/article/How-EdX-Plans-to-Earn-and/137433/" class="external text" id="mwCpU">"How EdX Plans to Earn, and Share, Revenue From Free Online Courses"</a>. <i id="mwCpY">Chronicle.com</i>. The Chronicle of Higher Education. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922154012/http://chronicle.com/article/How-edX-Plans-to-Earn-and/137433/" class="external text" id="mwCpc">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCpg">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCpk">30 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chronicle.com&rft.atitle=How+EdX+Plans+to+Earn%2C+and+Share%2C+Revenue+From+Free+Online+Courses&rft.date=2013-02-21&rft.aulast=Kolowich&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FHow-EdX-Plans-to-Earn-and%2F137433%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt449" id="mwCpo"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-:0-133" id="cite_note-:0-133" data-mw-footnote-number="133"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCps"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-0" id="mwCpw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCp0">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-1" id="mwCp4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCp8">2</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-2" id="mwCqA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCqE">3</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-3" id="mwCqI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCqM">4</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-4" id="mwCqQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCqU">5</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-:0-133" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt455" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCqY" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite book ","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002451/245122E.pdf"},"title":{"wt":"Making Sense of MOOCs: A Guide for Policy-Makers in Developing Countries"},"last1":{"wt":"Patru"},"first1":{"wt":"Mariana"},"last2":{"wt":"Balaji"},"first2":{"wt":"Venkataraman"},"publisher":{"wt":"UNESCO"},"year":{"wt":"2016"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-9231001574"},"location":{"wt":"Paris"},"pages":{"wt":"17–18, 21–22, 24"},"access-date":{"wt":"11 April 2017"},"archive-date":{"wt":"20 March 2017"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170320072658/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002451/245122E.pdf"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFPatruBalaji2016" class="citation book cs1" about="#mwt455">Patru, Mariana; Balaji, Venkataraman (2016). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002451/245122E.pdf" class="external text" id="mwCqc"><i id="mwCqg">Making Sense of MOOCs: A Guide for Policy-Makers in Developing Countries</i></a> <span class="cs1-format" id="mwCqk">(PDF)</span>. Paris: UNESCO. pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCqo"> </span><span class="nowrap" id="mwCqs">17–</span>18, <span class="nowrap" id="mwCqw">21–</span>22, 24. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCq0">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCq4"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9231001574" title="Special:BookSources/978-9231001574" id="mwCq8"><bdi id="mwCrA">978-9231001574</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320072658/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002451/245122E.pdf" class="external text" id="mwCrE">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format" id="mwCrI">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCrM">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCrQ">11 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+MOOCs%3A+A+Guide+for+Policy-Makers+in+Developing+Countries&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=17-18%2C+21-22%2C+24&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9231001574&rft.aulast=Patru&rft.aufirst=Mariana&rft.au=Balaji%2C+Venkataraman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0024%2F002451%2F245122E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt455" id="mwCrU"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-141" id="cite_note-141" data-mw-footnote-number="141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCwg"><a href="#cite_ref-141" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCwk"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCwo">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-141" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt489" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCws" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"HarvardX and MITx: The First Year of Open Online Courses, Fall 2012-Summer 2013"},"last1":{"wt":"Reich"},"first1":{"wt":"A. D."},"last2":{"wt":"Nesterko"},"first2":{"wt":"J."},"last3":{"wt":"Seaton"},"first3":{"wt":"S."},"display-authors":{"wt":"et al."},"date":{"wt":"21 January 2014"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFReichNesterkoSeaton2014" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt489">Reich, A. D.; Nesterko, J.; Seaton, S.; et<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCww"> </span>al. (21 January 2014). "HarvardX and MITx: The First Year of Open Online Courses, Fall 2012-Summer 2013".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HarvardX+and+MITx%3A+The+First+Year+of+Open+Online+Courses%2C+Fall+2012-Summer+2013&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=A.+D.&rft.au=Nesterko%2C+J.&rft.au=Seaton%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt489" id="mwCw0"></span><span about="#mwt489" id="mwCw4"> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" about="#mwt489" id="mwCw8"><code class="cs1-code" id="mwCxA">{{<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web" id="mwCxE">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" about="#mwt489" id="mwCxI">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" id="mwCxM"><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCxQ">|</span>url=</code> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors" id="mwCxU">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:CS1_errors:_requires_URL" about="#mwt489" id="mwCxY"/></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-142" id="cite_note-142" data-mw-footnote-number="142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCxc"><a href="#cite_ref-142" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCxg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCxk">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-142" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt493" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCxo" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite book","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Uchidiuno"},"first1":{"wt":"Judith"},"last2":{"wt":"Ogan"},"first2":{"wt":"Amy"},"last3":{"wt":"Koedinger"},"first3":{"wt":"Kenneth R."},"last4":{"wt":"Yarzebinski"},"first4":{"wt":"Evelyn"},"last5":{"wt":"Hammer"},"first5":{"wt":"Jessica"},"title":{"wt":"Proceedings of the Third (2016) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale"},"chapter":{"wt":"Browser Language Preferences as a Metric for Identifying ESL Speakers in MOOCs"},"date":{"wt":"1 January 2016"},"series":{"wt":"L@S '16"},"location":{"wt":"New York"},"publisher":{"wt":"ACM"},"pages":{"wt":"277–280"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1145/2876034.2893433"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-1450337267"},"s2cid":{"wt":"1231108"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFUchidiunoOganKoedingerYarzebinski2016" class="citation book cs1" about="#mwt493">Uchidiuno, Judith; Ogan, Amy; Koedinger, Kenneth R.; Yarzebinski, Evelyn; Hammer, Jessica (1 January 2016). "Browser Language Preferences as a Metric for Identifying ESL Speakers in MOOCs". <i id="mwCxs">Proceedings of the Third (2016) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale</i>. L@S '16. New York: ACM. pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCxw"> </span><span class="nowrap" id="mwCx0">277–</span>280. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCx4">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2876034.2893433" class="external text" id="mwCx8">10.1145/2876034.2893433</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCyA">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCyE"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1450337267" title="Special:BookSources/978-1450337267" id="mwCyI"><bdi id="mwCyM">978-1450337267</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCyQ">S2CID</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCyU"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1231108" class="external text" id="mwCyY">1231108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Browser+Language+Preferences+as+a+Metric+for+Identifying+ESL+Speakers+in+MOOCs&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Third+%282016%29+ACM+Conference+on+Learning+%40+Scale&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=L%40S+%2716&rft.pages=277-280&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1231108%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2876034.2893433&rft.isbn=978-1450337267&rft.aulast=Uchidiuno&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Ogan%2C+Amy&rft.au=Koedinger%2C+Kenneth+R.&rft.au=Yarzebinski%2C+Evelyn&rft.au=Hammer%2C+Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt493" id="mwCyc"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-143" id="cite_note-143" data-mw-footnote-number="143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCyg"><a href="#cite_ref-143" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCyk"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCyo">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-143" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt496" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwCys" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite book","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Uchidiuno"},"first1":{"wt":"Judith"},"last2":{"wt":"Ogan"},"first2":{"wt":"Amy"},"last3":{"wt":"Yarzebinski"},"first3":{"wt":"Evelyn"},"last4":{"wt":"Hammer"},"first4":{"wt":"Jessica"},"title":{"wt":"Proceedings of the Third (2016) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale"},"chapter":{"wt":"Understanding ESL Students' Motivations to Increase MOOC Accessibility"},"date":{"wt":"1 January 2016"},"series":{"wt":"L@S '16"},"location":{"wt":"New York"},"publisher":{"wt":"ACM"},"pages":{"wt":"169–172"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1145/2876034.2893398"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-1450337267"},"s2cid":{"wt":"22311678"},"url":{"wt":"https://zenodo.org/record/996509"},"access-date":{"wt":"8 July 2019"},"archive-date":{"wt":"4 August 2020"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200804031146/https://zenodo.org/record/996509"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFUchidiunoOganYarzebinskiHammer2016" class="citation book cs1" about="#mwt496">Uchidiuno, Judith; Ogan, Amy; Yarzebinski, Evelyn; Hammer, Jessica (1 January 2016). "Understanding ESL Students' Motivations to Increase MOOC Accessibility". <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://zenodo.org/record/996509" class="external text" id="mwCyw"><i id="mwCy0">Proceedings of the Third (2016) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale</i></a>. L@S '16. New York: ACM. pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCy4"> </span><span class="nowrap" id="mwCy8">169–</span>172. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCzA">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2876034.2893398" class="external text" id="mwCzE">10.1145/2876034.2893398</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCzI">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCzM"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1450337267" title="Special:BookSources/978-1450337267" id="mwCzQ"><bdi id="mwCzU">978-1450337267</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCzY">S2CID</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCzc"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22311678" class="external text" id="mwCzg">22311678</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804031146/https://zenodo.org/record/996509" class="external text" id="mwCzk">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwCzo">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwCzs">8 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Understanding+ESL+Students%27+Motivations+to+Increase+MOOC+Accessibility&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Third+%282016%29+ACM+Conference+on+Learning+%40+Scale&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=L%40S+%2716&rft.pages=169-172&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22311678%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2876034.2893398&rft.isbn=978-1450337267&rft.aulast=Uchidiuno&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Ogan%2C+Amy&rft.au=Yarzebinski%2C+Evelyn&rft.au=Hammer%2C+Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F996509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt496" id="mwCzw"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-144" id="cite_note-144" data-mw-footnote-number="144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwCz0"><a href="#cite_ref-144" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCz4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwCz8">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-144" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt499" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwC0A" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite book","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Uchidiuno"},"first1":{"wt":"Judith"},"last2":{"wt":"Hammer"},"first2":{"wt":"Jessica"},"last3":{"wt":"Yarzebinski"},"first3":{"wt":"Evelyn"},"last4":{"wt":"Koedinger"},"first4":{"wt":"Kenneth R."},"last5":{"wt":"Ogan"},"first5":{"wt":"Amy"},"title":{"wt":"Proceedings of the Fourth (2017) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale"},"chapter":{"wt":"Characterizing ELL Students' Behavior During MOOC Videos Using Content Type"},"date":{"wt":"1 January 2017"},"series":{"wt":"L@S '17"},"location":{"wt":"New York"},"publisher":{"wt":"ACM"},"pages":{"wt":"185–188"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1145/3051457.3053981"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-1450344500"},"s2cid":{"wt":"15687940"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFUchidiunoHammerYarzebinskiKoedinger2017" class="citation book cs1" about="#mwt499">Uchidiuno, Judith; Hammer, Jessica; Yarzebinski, Evelyn; Koedinger, Kenneth R.; Ogan, Amy (1 January 2017). "Characterizing ELL Students' Behavior During MOOC Videos Using Content Type". <i id="mwC0E">Proceedings of the Fourth (2017) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale</i>. L@S '17. New York: ACM. pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwC0I"> </span><span class="nowrap" id="mwC0M">185–</span>188. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwC0Q">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3051457.3053981" class="external text" id="mwC0U">10.1145/3051457.3053981</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwC0Y">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwC0c"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1450344500" title="Special:BookSources/978-1450344500" id="mwC0g"><bdi id="mwC0k">978-1450344500</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwC0o">S2CID</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwC0s"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15687940" class="external text" id="mwC0w">15687940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Characterizing+ELL+Students%27+Behavior+During+MOOC+Videos+Using+Content+Type&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Fourth+%282017%29+ACM+Conference+on+Learning+%40+Scale&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=L%40S+%2717&rft.pages=185-188&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15687940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3051457.3053981&rft.isbn=978-1450344500&rft.aulast=Uchidiuno&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Hammer%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Yarzebinski%2C+Evelyn&rft.au=Koedinger%2C+Kenneth+R.&rft.au=Ogan%2C+Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt499" id="mwC00"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-155" id="cite_note-155" data-mw-footnote-number="155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwC9I"><a href="#cite_ref-155" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwC9M"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwC9Q">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-155" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt537" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwC9U" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Fenerty"},"first1":{"wt":"Becky"},"title":{"wt":"LibGuides: Teaching and Learning with Online Educational Videos: A Subject List of Web Resources for Educators (August 2013): Video MOOCs"},"url":{"wt":"https://ala-choice.libguides.com/c.php?g=457220&p=3376408"},"website":{"wt":"ala-choice"},"publisher":{"wt":"[[American Library Association]]"},"access-date":{"wt":"11 August 2022"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"9 December 2022"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221209194240/https://ala-choice.libguides.com/c.php?g=457220&p=3376408"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFFenerty" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt537">Fenerty, Becky. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://ala-choice.libguides.com/c.php?g=457220&p=3376408" class="external text" id="mwC9Y">"LibGuides: Teaching and Learning with Online Educational Videos: A Subject List of Web Resources for Educators (August 2013): Video MOOCs"</a>. <i id="mwC9c">ala-choice</i>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association" id="mwC9g">American Library Association</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209194240/https://ala-choice.libguides.com/c.php?g=457220&p=3376408" class="external text" id="mwC9k">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwC9o">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwC9s">11 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ala-choice&rft.atitle=LibGuides%3A+Teaching+and+Learning+with+Online+Educational+Videos%3A+A+Subject+List+of+Web+Resources+for+Educators+%28August+2013%29%3A+Video+MOOCs&rft.aulast=Fenerty&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fala-choice.libguides.com%2Fc.php%3Fg%3D457220%26p%3D3376408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt537" id="mwC9w"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-156" id="cite_note-156" data-mw-footnote-number="156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwC90"><a href="#cite_ref-156" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwC94"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwC98">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-156" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt540" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwC-A" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Nikas"},"first1":{"wt":"Joanna"},"title":{"wt":"How to Learn Something for Nothing"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/18/education/edlife/18openbox-t.html"},"access-date":{"wt":"11 August 2022"},"work":{"wt":"The New York Times"},"date":{"wt":"16 April 2010"},"archive-date":{"wt":"12 August 2022"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220812000010/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/18/education/edlife/18openbox-t.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFNikas2010" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt540">Nikas, Joanna (16 April 2010). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/18/education/edlife/18openbox-t.html" class="external text" id="mwC-E">"How to Learn Something for Nothing"</a>. <i id="mwC-I">The New York Times</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812000010/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/18/education/edlife/18openbox-t.html" class="external text" id="mwC-M">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwC-Q">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwC-U">11 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+to+Learn+Something+for+Nothing&rft.date=2010-04-16&rft.aulast=Nikas&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F04%2F18%2Feducation%2Fedlife%2F18openbox-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt540" id="mwC-Y"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-157" id="cite_note-157" data-mw-footnote-number="157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwC-c"><a href="#cite_ref-157" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwC-g"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwC-k">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-157" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt543" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwC-o" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Myers"},"first1":{"wt":"Courtney Boyd"},"title":{"wt":"How the Internet is Revolutionizing Education"},"url":{"wt":"https://thenextweb.com/news/how-the-internet-is-revolutionizing-education-2"},"website":{"wt":"[[The Next Web]]"},"access-date":{"wt":"11 August 2022"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"date":{"wt":"22 April 2011"},"archive-date":{"wt":"7 September 2022"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220907045433/https://thenextweb.com/news/how-the-internet-is-revolutionizing-education-2"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFMyers2011" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt543">Myers, Courtney Boyd (22 April 2011). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://thenextweb.com/news/how-the-internet-is-revolutionizing-education-2" class="external text" id="mwC-s">"How the Internet is Revolutionizing Education"</a>. <i id="mwC-w"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Next_Web" title="The Next Web" class="mw-redirect" id="mwC-0">The Next Web</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220907045433/https://thenextweb.com/news/how-the-internet-is-revolutionizing-education-2" class="external text" id="mwC-4">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwC-8">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwC_A">11 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Next+Web&rft.atitle=How+the+Internet+is+Revolutionizing+Education&rft.date=2011-04-22&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Courtney+Boyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthenextweb.com%2Fnews%2Fhow-the-internet-is-revolutionizing-education-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt543" id="mwC_E"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-158" id="cite_note-158" data-mw-footnote-number="158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwC_I"><a href="#cite_ref-158" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwC_M"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwC_Q">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-158" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt546" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwC_U" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Elias"},"first1":{"wt":"Esther"},"title":{"wt":"Curating a digital world"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/curating-a-digital-world/article3515746.ece"},"access-date":{"wt":"11 August 2022"},"work":{"wt":"The Hindu"},"date":{"wt":"11 June 2012"},"language":{"wt":"en-IN"},"archive-date":{"wt":"12 August 2022"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220812000014/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/curating-a-digital-world/article3515746.ece"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFElias2012" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt546">Elias, Esther (11 June 2012). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/curating-a-digital-world/article3515746.ece" class="external text" id="mwC_Y">"Curating a digital world"</a>. <i id="mwC_c">The Hindu</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812000014/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/curating-a-digital-world/article3515746.ece" class="external text" id="mwC_g">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwC_k">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwC_o">11 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Curating+a+digital+world&rft.date=2012-06-11&rft.aulast=Elias&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsci-tech%2Ftechnology%2Finternet%2Fcurating-a-digital-world%2Farticle3515746.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt546" id="mwC_s"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-159" id="cite_note-159" data-mw-footnote-number="159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwC_w"><a href="#cite_ref-159" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwC_0"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwC_4">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-159" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt549" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwC_8" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Frey"},"first1":{"wt":"Thomas"},"title":{"wt":"Education as an App"},"url":{"wt":"https://futuristspeaker.com/business-trends/education-as-an-app/"},"website":{"wt":"Futurist Speaker"},"access-date":{"wt":"11 August 2022"},"date":{"wt":"20 May 2011"},"archive-date":{"wt":"20 November 2022"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221120071442/https://futuristspeaker.com/business-trends/education-as-an-app/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFFrey2011" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt549">Frey, Thomas (20 May 2011). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://futuristspeaker.com/business-trends/education-as-an-app/" class="external text" id="mwDAA">"Education as an App"</a>. <i id="mwDAE">Futurist Speaker</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221120071442/https://futuristspeaker.com/business-trends/education-as-an-app/" class="external text" id="mwDAI">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwDAM">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwDAQ">11 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Futurist+Speaker&rft.atitle=Education+as+an+App&rft.date=2011-05-20&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffuturistspeaker.com%2Fbusiness-trends%2Feducation-as-an-app%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt549" id="mwDAU"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-160" id="cite_note-160" data-mw-footnote-number="160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDAY"><a href="#cite_ref-160" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDAc"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDAg">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-160" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt552" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwDAk" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Resource: Open Culture"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.itu.int/net4/ITU-D/CDS/sis/Youth/Resources/cat_results.asp?ResourceID=103"},"website":{"wt":"itu.int"},"access-date":{"wt":"11 August 2022"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt552" id="mwDAo"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.itu.int/net4/ITU-D/CDS/sis/Youth/Resources/cat_results.asp?ResourceID=103" class="external text" id="mwDAs">"Resource: Open Culture"</a>. <i id="mwDAw">itu.int</i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwDA0">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwDA4">11 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=itu.int&rft.atitle=Resource%3A+Open+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fnet4%2FITU-D%2FCDS%2Fsis%2FYouth%2FResources%2Fcat_results.asp%3FResourceID%3D103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt552" id="mwDA8"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-161" id="cite_note-161" data-mw-footnote-number="161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDBA"><a href="#cite_ref-161" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDBE"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDBI">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-161" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt555" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwDBM" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Berman"},"first1":{"wt":"C."},"title":{"wt":"Spotlight: Open Culture"},"url":{"wt":"https://publish.illinois.edu/commonsknowledge/2017/05/31/spotlight-open-culture/"},"website":{"wt":"Commons Knowledge"},"date":{"wt":"31 May 2017"},"publisher":{"wt":"Scholarly Commons, University of Illinois Library, [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]"},"access-date":{"wt":"11 August 2022"},"archive-date":{"wt":"12 August 2022"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220812000029/https://publish.illinois.edu/commonsknowledge/2017/05/31/spotlight-open-culture/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFBerman2017" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt555">Berman, C. (31 May 2017). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://publish.illinois.edu/commonsknowledge/2017/05/31/spotlight-open-culture/" class="external text" id="mwDBQ">"Spotlight: Open Culture"</a>. <i id="mwDBU">Commons Knowledge</i>. Scholarly Commons, University of Illinois Library, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDBY">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812000029/https://publish.illinois.edu/commonsknowledge/2017/05/31/spotlight-open-culture/" class="external text" id="mwDBc">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwDBg">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwDBk">11 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commons+Knowledge&rft.atitle=Spotlight%3A+Open+Culture&rft.date=2017-05-31&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublish.illinois.edu%2Fcommonsknowledge%2F2017%2F05%2F31%2Fspotlight-open-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt555" id="mwDBo"></span></span></li>
</ol></div></div>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="29" id="mwDBs" aria-labelledby="Sources"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt561" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwDBw" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"refbegin","href":"./Template:Refbegin"},"params":{},"i":0}},"\n* ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Free-content attribution\n","href":"./Template:Free-content_attribution"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Making Sense of MOOCs: A Guide for Policy-Makers in Developing Countries"},"author":{"wt":"Patru, Mariana; Balaji, Venkataraman"},"publisher":{"wt":"UNESCO"},"page numbers":{"wt":"17–18, 21–22, 24"},"source":{"wt":"UNESCO"},"documentURL":{"wt":"http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002451/245122E.pdf"},"license statement URL":{"wt":"http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=245122&set=0058D2750B_1_34&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1"},"license":{"wt":"CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0"}},"i":1}},"\n",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"refend","href":"./Template:Refend"},"params":{},"i":2}}]}'><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1365158831" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" about="#mwt562" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Refbegin/styles.css"}}'>.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents section>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents section>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents section>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style></span><div class="refbegin
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<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/20px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/40px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" data-file-type="drawing" height="12" width="12" class="mw-file-element"/></a></span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>This article incorporates text from a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work.<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>(<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=245122&set=0058D2750B_1_34&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1" class="external text">license statement/permission</a>).<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>Text taken from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002451/245122E.pdf" class="external text"><i>Making Sense of MOOCs: A Guide for Policy-Makers in Developing Countries<span typeof="mw:Entity"></span></i></a>,<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>17–18, 21–22, 24,<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>Patru, Mariana; Balaji, Venkataraman,<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>UNESCO. UNESCO.<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Free-content_attribution"/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Free_content_from_UNESCO"/></li></ul>
</div>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="30" id="mwDB4" aria-labelledby="Further_reading"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul id="mwDB8"><li id="mwDCA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt565" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwDCE" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite book ","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Walsh"},"first":{"wt":"Taylor"},"title":{"wt":"Unlocking the Gates: How and Why Leading Universities Are Opening Up Access to Their Courses"},"publisher":{"wt":"Princeton University Press"},"year":{"wt":"2011"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-0691148748"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2011" class="citation book cs1" about="#mwt565">Walsh, Taylor (2011). <i>Unlocking the Gates: How and Why Leading Universities Are Opening Up Access to Their Courses</i>. Princeton University Press. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691148748" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691148748"><bdi>978-0691148748</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unlocking+the+Gates%3A+How+and+Why+Leading+Universities+Are+Opening+Up+Access+to+Their+Courses&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0691148748&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988" about="#mwt565" id="mwDCI"></span></li></ul>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="31" id="mwDCM" aria-labelledby="External_links"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Massive%20open%20online%20course" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Massive open online course" class="extiw"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Massive open online course</span></a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Inconsistent_wikidata_for_Commons_category"/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Inconsistent_wikidata_for_Commons_category"/>.</div></div>
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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_open_access" title="History of open access">History</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_open-access_movement" title="Timeline of the open-access movement">Timeline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">Subscription business model</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscribe_to_Open" title="Subscribe to Open">Subscribe to Open</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">Paywall</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_transfer_agreement" title="Copyright transfer agreement">Copyright transfer agreement</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal" class="mw-redirect">Scientific journal</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript_(publishing)" title="Manuscript (publishing)">Manuscript</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_processing_charge" title="Article processing charge">Article processing charge</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_publishing" title="Predatory publishing">Predatory publishing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities">Berlin Declaration</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing" title="Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing">Bethesda Statement</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Declaration_on_Research_Assessment" title="San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment">DORA</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Statement_on_Open_Access_to_Legal_Scholarship" title="Durham Statement on Open Access to Legal Scholarship">Durham Statement</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Declaration_on_the_Future_of_the_World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization">Geneva Declaration</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIH_Public_Access_Policy" title="NIH Public Access Policy">NIH Public Access Policy</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Works_Act" title="Research Works Act">Research Works Act</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-archiving" title="Self-archiving">Self-archiving</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-access_mandate" title="Open-access mandate">Open-access mandate</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-access_repository" title="Open-access repository">Open-access repository</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_open-access_journal" title="Hybrid open-access journal">Hybrid open-access journal</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_open-access_journal" title="Delayed open-access journal">Delayed open-access journal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and<br/>organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cost_of_Knowledge" title="The Cost of Knowledge">The Cost of Knowledge</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Books" title="Directory of Open Access Books" class="mw-redirect">Directory of Open Access Books</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal; "><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><span typeof="mw:Entity">[</span><a rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOAB" title="ca:DOAB" class="extiw">ca</a>; <a rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOAB:%20Directory%20of%20Open%20Access%20Books" title="es:DOAB: Directory of Open Access Books" class="extiw">es</a><span typeof="mw:Entity">]</span></span></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals" title="Directory of Open Access Journals">Directory of Open Access Journals</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiative_for_Open_Citations" title="Initiative for Open Citations">Initiative for Open Citations</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishing_Association" title="Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association">Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAIRE" title="OpenAIRE" class="mw-redirect">OpenAIRE</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Archives_Initiative" title="Open Archives Initiative">Open Archives Initiative</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" title="Public Library of Science" class="mw-redirect">Public Library of Science</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Knowledge_Project" title="Public Knowledge Project">Public Knowledge Project</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories" title="Registry of Open Access Repositories">Registry of Open Access Repositories</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciELO" title="SciELO">SciELO</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_in_Australia" title="Open access in Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_in_Austria" title="Open access in Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_in_Belgium" title="Open access in Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_in_Canada" title="Open access in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_in_Denmark" title="Open access in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_in_France" title="Open access in France">France</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_in_Germany" title="Open access in Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_in_Greece" title="Open access in Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_in_Hungary" title="Open access in Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_in_India" title="Open access in India">India</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Open access in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_in_Italy" title="Open access in Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_in_the_Netherlands" title="Open access in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
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<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_in_Norway" title="Open access in Norway">Norway</a></li>
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<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open hardware</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement" class="mw-redirect">Open source</a></li></ul>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Massive open online course</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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Poster, entitled "MOOC, every letter is negotiable", exploring the meaning of the words "Massive Open Online Course"</div>
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<p>A <b>massive open online course</b> (<b>MOOC</b> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is an <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_course" class="mw-redirect" title="Online course">online course</a> aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> In addition to traditional course materials such as filmed lectures, readings, and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_set" title="Problem set">problem sets</a>, many MOOCs provide interactive user forums to support community interactions among students, professors, and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching_assistant" title="Teaching assistant">teaching assistants</a> (TAs). MOOCs are a recent and widely researched development in <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance education</a> which were first introduced in 2006 and emerged as a popular mode of learning in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-pappano_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pappano-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes030613_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes030613-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
<p>Early MOOCs often emphasized open-access features, such as <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_content" title="Open content">open licensing</a> of content, structure and learning goals, to promote the reuse and remixing of resources. Some later MOOCs use closed licenses for their course materials while maintaining free access for students.<sup id="cite_ref-MOOC_Misnomer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOOC_Misnomer-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RemixInfoWeek_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RemixInfoWeek-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
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<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Precursors"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Precursors</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_approaches"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early approaches</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#cMOOCs_and_xMOOCs"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">cMOOCs and xMOOCs</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Emergence_of_MOOC_providers"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Emergence of MOOC providers</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Notable_providers"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notable providers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Emergence_of_innovative_courses"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Emergence of innovative courses</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Student_experience_and_pedagogy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Student experience and pedagogy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Students_served"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Students served</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Educator_experience"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Educator experience</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Completion_rates"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Completion rates</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Instructional_design"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Instructional design</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Information_architecture"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Information architecture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Industry"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Industry</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Fee_opportunities"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Fee opportunities</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Benefits"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Benefits</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Improving_access_to_Higher_Education"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Improving access to Higher Education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Providing_an_affordable_alternative_to_formal_education"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Providing an affordable alternative to formal education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Sustainable_Development_Goals"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sustainable Development Goals</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Challenges_and_criticisms"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Challenges and criticisms</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#The_experience_of_English_Language_Learners_(ELLs)_in_MOOCs"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">The experience of English Language Learners (ELLs) in MOOCs</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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What is a MOOC?, December 2010</div>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Precursors">Precursors</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance learning">Distance learning</a></div>
<p>Before the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Age">Digital Age</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance learning">distance learning</a> appeared in the form of <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_courses" class="mw-redirect" title="Correspondence courses">correspondence courses</a> in the 1890s-1920s and later radio and television broadcast of courses and early forms of <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="E-learning">e-learning</a>. Typically fewer than five percent of the students would complete a course.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> The 2000s saw changes in <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="E-learning">online, or e-learning</a> and distance education, with increasing online presence, open learning opportunities, and the development of MOOCs.<sup id="cite_ref-blogs.cetis.org.uk_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogs.cetis.org.uk-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_approaches">Early approaches</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early approaches">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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Tabulation of the significant differences between xMOOC and cMOOC.<sup id="cite_ref-yuan_powell_olivier_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yuan_powell_olivier-10">[10]</a></sup></div>
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<p>The first MOOCs emerged from the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">open educational resources</a> (OER) movement. The term <i>MOOC</i> was coined in 2008 by Dave Cormier of the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="University of Prince Edward Island">University of Prince Edward Island</a> in response to a course called <i>Connectivism and Connective Knowledge</i> (also known as <i>CCK08</i>). CCK08, which was led by <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Siemens" title="George Siemens">George Siemens</a> of <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabasca_University" title="Athabasca University">Athabasca University</a> and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Downes" title="Stephen Downes">Stephen Downes</a> of the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Canada)" title="National Research Council (Canada)">National Research Council</a>, consisted of 25 tuition-paying students in <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Extended Education</a> at the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a>, as well as over 2200 online students from the general public who paid nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-THE_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE-11">[11]</a></sup> All course content was available through <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a> feeds, and online students could participate through collaborative tools, including blog posts, threaded discussions in <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodle" title="Moodle">Moodle</a>, and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Life" title="Second Life">Second Life</a> meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-downes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-downes-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-14">[14]</a></sup> Stephen Downes considers these so-called cMOOCs to be more "creative and dynamic" than the current xMOOCs, which he believes "resemble television shows or digital textbooks."<sup id="cite_ref-THE_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
<p>Other cMOOCs were then developed; for example, Jim Groom from The <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mary_Washington" title="University of Mary Washington">University of Mary Washington</a> and Michael Branson Smith of <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_College,_City_University_of_New_York" title="York College, City University of New York">York College, City University of New York</a> hosted MOOCs through several universities starting with 2011's 'Digital Storytelling' (ds106) MOOC.<sup id="cite_ref-GROOM_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GROOM-15">[15]</a></sup> MOOCs from private, non-profit institutions emphasized prominent faculty members and expanded existing distance learning offerings (e.g., podcasts) into free and open online courses.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></p>
<p>Alongside the development of these open courses, other E-learning platforms emerged — such as <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-Peer_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-to-Peer University">Peer-to-Peer University</a> (P2PU), <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udemy" title="Udemy">Udemy</a>, and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALISON_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="ALISON (company)">ALISON</a> — which are viewed as similar to MOOCs and work outside the university system or emphasize individual self-paced lessons.<sup id="cite_ref-CETIS78_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CETIS78-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chronicle_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chronicle-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavidBornstein_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidBornstein-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Information_Week_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Information_Week-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTIMES_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTIMES-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="cMOOCs_and_xMOOCs">cMOOCs and xMOOCs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: cMOOCs and xMOOCs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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MOOCs and Open Education Timeline (updated 2015 version)<sup id="cite_ref-blogs.cetis.org.uk_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogs.cetis.org.uk-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup></div>
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<p>As MOOCs have evolved, there appear to be two distinct types: those that emphasize the connectivist philosophy, and those that resemble more traditional courses. To distinguish the two, Stephen Downes proposed the terms "cMOOC" and "xMOOC".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-24">[24]</a></sup></p>
<p>cMOOCs are based on principles from <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectivism" title="Connectivism">connectivist pedagogy</a> indicating that material should be <i>aggregated</i> (rather than pre-selected), <i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix#Broader_context" title="Remix">remixable</a></i>, <i>re-purposable</i>, and <i>feeding forward</i> (i.e. evolving materials should be targeted at future learning).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> cMOOC instructional design approaches attempt to connect learners to each other to answer questions or collaborate on joint projects. This may include emphasizing collaborative development of the MOOC.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> Andrew Ravenscroft of the London Metropolitan University claimed that connectivist MOOCs better support collaborative dialogue and knowledge building.<sup id="cite_ref-Ravenscroft_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ravenscroft-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mak_Williams_Mackness_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mak_Williams_Mackness-31">[31]</a></sup></p>
<p>xMOOCs have a much more traditional course structure typically with a clearly specified syllabus of recorded lectures and self-test problems. They employ elements of the original MOOC, but are, in effect, branded IT platforms that offer content distribution partnerships to institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-24">[24]</a></sup> The instructor is the expert provider of knowledge, and student interactions are usually limited to asking for assistance and advising each other on difficult points.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Emergence_of_MOOC_providers">Emergence of MOOC providers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emergence of MOOC providers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>According to <i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 2012 became "the year of the MOOC" as several well-financed providers, associated with top universities, emerged, including <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udacity" title="Udacity">Udacity</a>, and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EdX" title="EdX">edX</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pappano_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pappano-2">[2]</a></sup></p>
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Dennis Yang, President of MOOC provider <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udemy" title="Udemy">Udemy</a> has suggested that MOOCs are in the midst of a <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_cycle" title="Hype cycle">hype cycle</a>, with expectations undergoing a wild swing.<sup id="cite_ref-MOOCd_out_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOOCd_out-32">[32]</a></sup></div>
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<p>During a presentation at SXSWedu in early 2013, Instructure CEO Josh Coates suggested that MOOCs are in the midst of a hype cycle, with expectations undergoing wild swings.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> Dennis Yang, President of MOOC provider Udemy, later made the point in an article for the <i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup></p>
<p>Many universities scrambled to join in the "next big thing", as did more established <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Online education">online education</a> service providers such as <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackboard_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackboard Inc">Blackboard Inc</a>, in what has been called a "stampede." Dozens of universities in Canada, Mexico, Europe and Asia have announced partnerships with the large American MOOC providers.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT022013_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT022013-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moocyear_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moocyear-36">[36]</a></sup> By early 2013, questions emerged about whether academia was "MOOC'd out."<sup id="cite_ref-MOOCd_out_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOOCd_out-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FT032013_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT032013-37">[37]</a></sup> This trend was later confirmed in continuing analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup></p>
<p>The industry has an unusual structure, consisting of linked groups including MOOC providers, the larger non-profit sector, universities, related companies and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capitalist">venture capitalists</a>. <i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i> lists the major providers as the non-profits Khan Academy and edX, and the for-profits Udacity and Coursera.<sup id="cite_ref-Major_players_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Major_players-39">[39]</a></sup></p>
<p>The larger non-profit organizations include the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a>, the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Foundation">MacArthur Foundation</a>, the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, and the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Council_on_Education" title="American Council on Education">American Council on Education</a>. University pioneers include <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford">Stanford</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a>, the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>, the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California at Berkeley">University of California at Berkeley</a>, and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_State_University" title="San Jose State University">San Jose State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Major_players_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Major_players-39">[39]</a></sup> Related companies investing in MOOCs include <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and educational publisher <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_PLC" title="Pearson PLC">Pearson PLC</a>. Venture capitalists include <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiner_Perkins_Caufield_%26_Byers" title="Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers">Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Enterprise_Associates" title="New Enterprise Associates">New Enterprise Associates</a> and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreessen_Horowitz" title="Andreessen Horowitz">Andreessen Horowitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Major_players_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Major_players-39">[39]</a></sup></p>
<p>In the fall of 2011 Stanford University launched three courses.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT71712_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT71712-40">[40]</a></sup> The first of those courses was <i>Introduction Into AI</i>, launched by <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Thrun" title="Sebastian Thrun">Sebastian Thrun</a> and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Norvig" title="Peter Norvig">Peter Norvig</a>. Enrollment quickly reached 160,000 students. The announcement was followed within weeks by the launch of two more MOOCs, by <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ng" title="Andrew Ng">Andrew Ng</a> and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Widom" title="Jennifer Widom">Jennifer Widom</a>. Following the publicity and high enrollment numbers of these courses, Thrun started a company he named Udacity and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_Koller" title="Daphne Koller">Daphne Koller</a> and Andrew Ng launched Coursera. Coursera subsequently announced university partnerships with University of Pennsylvania, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Michigan">The University of Michigan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup></p>
<p>In January 2013, Udacity launched its first MOOCs-for-credit, in collaboration with San Jose State University. In May 2013 the company announced the first entirely MOOC-based master's degree, a collaboration between Udacity, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> and the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Institute of Technology</a>, costing $7,000, a fraction of its normal tuition.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></p>
<p>Concerned about the commercialization of online education, in 2012 MIT created the not-for-profit MITx.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> The inaugural course, 6.002x, launched in March 2012. Harvard joined the group, renamed edX, that spring, and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> joined in the summer. The initiative then added the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_System" title="University of Texas System">University of Texas System</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a> and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>.</p>
<p>In September 2013, edX announced a partnership with Google to develop MOOC.org, a site for non-<a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XConsortium" title="XConsortium">xConsortium</a> groups to build and host courses. Google will work on the core platform development with edX partners. In addition, Google and edX will collaborate on research into how students learn and how technology can transform learning and teaching. MOOC.org will adopt Google's infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> The Chinese <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> MOOC platform XuetangX.com (launched Oct. 2013) uses the Open edX platform.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></p>
<p>Before 2013 each MOOC tended to develop its own delivery platform. EdX in April 2013 joined with Stanford University, which previously had its own platform called Class2Go, to work on <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XBlock" title="XBlock">XBlock</a> SDK, a joint open-source platform. It is available to the public under the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affero_GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="Affero GPL">Affero GPL</a> open source license, which requires that all improvements to the platform be publicly posted and made available under the same license.<sup id="cite_ref-edXPressRelease_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edXPressRelease-46">[46]</a></sup> Stanford Vice Provost John Mitchell said that the goal was to provide the "<a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> of online learning."<sup id="cite_ref-Open_Source_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Open_Source-47">[47]</a></sup> This is unlike companies such as Coursera that have developed their own platform.<sup id="cite_ref-courserastack_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courserastack-48">[48]</a></sup></p>
<p>By November 2013, EdX offered 94 courses from 29 institutions around the world. During its first 13 months of operation (ending March 2013), Coursera offered about 325 courses, with 30% in the sciences, 28% in arts and humanities, 23% in information technology, 13% in business and 6% in mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-SA31313_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA31313-49">[49]</a></sup> Udacity offered 26 courses. The number of courses offered has since increased dramatically: As of January 2016, Edx offers 820 courses, Coursera offers 1580 courses and Udacity offers more than 120 courses. According to FutureLearn, the British Council's Understanding IELTS: Techniques for English Language Tests has an enrollment of over 440,000 students.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup></p>
<p>In France, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenClassrooms" title="OpenClassrooms">OpenClassrooms</a>, which had been offering online tutorials in IT and programming languages since 1999, begins producing MOOCs in 2012. It now offers more than 1000 courses, focusing on technology and digital skills, mainly in French, but also in English and Spanish, produced either in house, or in partnership with universities and companies.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_providers">Notable providers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable providers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable sortable">
<tr>
<th>Provider</th>
<th>Type</th>
<th>Example institutional participants</th>
<th>Headquarters</th>
<th>Founded</th>
<th>Content License</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Online" title="Stanford Online">Stanford Online</a></td>
<td>Non-profit</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></td>
<td>USA</td>
<td>2006</td>
<td>Free for registered users, personal/non-commercial usage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a></td>
<td>Commercial</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_College_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland College Park">University of Maryland College Park</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a></td>
<td>USA</td>
<td>2012</td>
<td>Free for registered users, different course licenses</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a></td>
<td>Non-profit</td>
<td>n/a</td>
<td>USA</td>
<td>2006</td>
<td>Free, No registration needed, all rights reserved.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WizIQ" title="WizIQ">WizIQ</a></td>
<td>Commercial</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIT_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="IIT Delhi">IIT Delhi</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines_Area_Community_College" title="Des Moines Area Community College">Des Moines Area Community College</a></td>
<td>India/USA</td>
<td>2007</td>
<td>Not Free, all rights reserved.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructure" title="Instructure">Canvas Network</a></td>
<td>Commercial</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_University" title="Santa Clara University">Santa Clara University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Lille University of Science and Technology">Université Lille 1</a></td>
<td>USA</td>
<td>2008</td>
<td>All Rights Reserved, registration required.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_to_Peer_University" title="Peer to Peer University">Peer to Peer University</a></td>
<td>Non-profit</td>
<td>n/a</td>
<td>USA</td>
<td>2009</td>
<td>Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udacity" title="Udacity">Udacity</a></td>
<td>Commercial</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_State_University" title="San Jose State University">San Jose State University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce.com" title="Salesforce.com">Salesforce.com</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudera" title="Cloudera">Cloudera</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk" title="Autodesk">Autodesk</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_Design_Systems" title="Cadence Design Systems">Cadence</a></td>
<td>USA</td>
<td>2012</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliademy" title="Eliademy">Eliademy</a> based on the Open Source <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodle" title="Moodle">Moodle</a> <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_learning_environment" title="Virtual learning environment">Virtual learning environment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-techcrunch1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techcrunch1-51">[51]</a></sup></td>
<td>Commercial</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalto_University_Executive_Education" title="Aalto University Executive Education">Aalto University Executive Education</a> The site is localized to more than 19 languages (including Latin), designed for mobile use.<sup id="cite_ref-techcrunch1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techcrunch1-51">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup></td>
<td>Finland</td>
<td>2012</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenHPI" title="OpenHPI">openHPI</a><sup id="cite_ref-zeit.de-1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeit.de-1-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hpi.de-1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hpi.de-1-54">[54]</a></sup></td>
<td>n/a</td>
<td>launched in September 2012 by the Hasso Plattner Institute at the University of Potsdam, Germany</td>
<td>Germany</td>
<td>2012</td>
<td>All rights reserved</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FutureLearn" title="FutureLearn">FutureLearn</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup></td>
<td>Commercial</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Reading" title="University of Reading">University of Reading</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University" title="Monash University">Monash University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Warwick University">Warwick University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bath" title="University of Bath">University of Bath</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a></td>
<td>UK</td>
<td>2012</td>
<td>All rights reserved.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenClassrooms" title="OpenClassrooms">OpenClassrooms</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup></td>
<td>Commercial</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zendesk" title="Zendesk">Zendesk</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CentraleSup%C3%A9lec" title="CentraleSupélec">CentraleSupélec</a></td>
<td>France</td>
<td>2007</td>
<td>Creative Commons licence, type BY-NC-SA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenLearning" title="OpenLearning">OpenLearning</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></td>
<td>Commercial</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%27s_University" title="Taylor's University">Taylor's University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Canberra" title="University of Canberra">University of Canberra</a></td>
<td>Australia</td>
<td>2012</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EdX" title="EdX">edX</a></td>
<td>Non-profit</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland" title="University of Queensland">University of Queensland</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIT_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="IIT Bombay">IIT Bombay</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIM_Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="IIM Bangalore">IIM Bangalore</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Autonoma_de_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Autonoma de Madrid">Universidad Autonoma de Madrid</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtin_University" title="Curtin University">Curtin University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a></td>
<td>USA</td>
<td>2012</td>
<td>All rights reserved</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iversity" title="Iversity">iversity</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYT022013_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT022013-35">[35]</a></sup></td>
<td>Commercial</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Autonoma_de_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Autonoma de Madrid">Universidad Autonoma de Madrid</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a></td>
<td>EU</td>
<td>2013</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Month&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="One Month (page does not exist)">One Month</a></td>
<td>Commercial</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Visual_Arts" title="School of Visual Arts">School of Visual Arts</a></td>
<td>USA</td>
<td>2013</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NovoEd" title="NovoEd">NovoEd</a></td>
<td>Commercial</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_School_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania">Wharton</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Darden_School_of_Business" title="University of Virginia Darden School of Business">Darden</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Teaching" title="Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching">Carnegie Foundation</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Cat%C3%B3lica_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Católica de Chile">Universidad Católica de Chile</a></td>
<td>USA</td>
<td>2013</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coursmos" title="Coursmos">Coursmos</a></td>
<td>Commercial</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper_University" title="Draper University">Draper University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a></td>
<td>USA</td>
<td>2014</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open2Study" class="mw-redirect" title="Open2Study">Open2Study</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup></td>
<td>Commercial</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook_University" title="James Cook University">James Cook University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith_University" title="Griffith University">Griffith University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wollongong" title="University of Wollongong">University of Wollongong</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_University" title="Flinders University">Flinders University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMIT_University" title="RMIT University">RMIT University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Technology" title="Central Institute of Technology">Central Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Institute">Sydney Institute</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Western Sydney">University of Western Sydney</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytechnic West">Polytechnic West</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Graduate_School_of_Management" title="Macquarie Graduate School of Management">Macquarie Graduate School of Management</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinburne_University_of_Technology" title="Swinburne University of Technology">Swinburne University of Technology</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Newcastle_(Australia)" title="University of Newcastle (Australia)">University of Newcastle</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Jordan University of Science and Technology">Jordan University of Science and Technology</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tasmania" title="University of Tasmania">University of Tasmania</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_College_of_Management,_Sydney" title="International College of Management, Sydney">International College of Management, Sydney</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_University" title="Massey University">Massey University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_University" title="Macquarie University">Macquarie University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_University_of_Technology" title="South China University of Technology">South China University of Technology</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAFE_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="TAFE SA">TAFE SA</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtin_University" title="Curtin University">Curtin University</a></td>
<td>Australia</td>
<td>2013</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadenze" title="Kadenze">Kadenze</a></td>
<td>Commercial</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_the_Arts" title="California Institute of the Arts">California Institute of the Arts</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Art_Institute_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Art Institute of Chicago">School of Art Institute of Chicago</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Institute_College_of_Art" title="Maryland Institute College of Art">Maryland Institute College of Art</a>, California College of Art, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmiths_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldsmiths College">Goldsmiths College</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MassArt" class="mw-redirect" title="MassArt">MassArt</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Institute_of_the_Arts" title="Seoul Institute of the Arts">Seoul Institute of the Arts</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_College_of_Art" title="Paris College of Art">Paris College of Art</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a>, Cornish College of Art, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></td>
<td>USA</td>
<td>2015</td>
<td>Free for registered users, different course licenses.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLHN" title="POLHN">POLHN</a></td>
<td>Non-profit</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a>, Pacific Ministries of Health<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup></td>
<td>Western Pacific Region</td>
<td>2005</td>
<td>Free courses, free software</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALISON_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="ALISON (company)">ALISON</a></td>
<td>Commercial</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>Ireland</td>
<td>2007</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda.com" title="Lynda.com">Lynda.com</a></td>
<td>Commercial</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>USA</td>
<td>1995</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Academy" title="Shaw Academy">Shaw Academy</a></td>
<td>Commercial</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>Ireland</td>
<td>2013</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udemy" title="Udemy">Udemy</a></td>
<td>Commercial</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strayer_University" title="Strayer University">Strayer University</a></td>
<td>USA</td>
<td>2010</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Programme_on_Technology_Enhanced_Learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (page does not exist)">NPTEL</a></td>
<td>Non-profit</td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">IIT's</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science" title="Indian Institute of Science">IISc's</a></td>
<td><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td>
<td>2015</td>
<td>Free for registered users, payment required only for certificates.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Emergence_of_innovative_courses">Emergence of innovative courses</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Emergence of innovative courses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Early cMOOCs such as CCK08 and ds106 used innovative pedagogy, with distributed learning materials rather than a video-lecture format, and a focus on education and learning, and digital storytelling respectively<sup id="cite_ref-THE_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-downes_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-downes-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GROOM_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GROOM-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
<p>Following the 2011 launch of three stanford xMOOCs, including <i>Introduction Into AI</i>, launched by Sebastian Thrun and Peter Norvig<sup id="cite_ref-NYT71712_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT71712-40">[40]</a></sup> a number of other innovative courses have emerged. As of May 2014, more than 900 MOOCs are offered by US universities and colleges. As of February 2013 dozens of universities had affiliated with MOOCs, including many international institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT022013_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT022013-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CHE022113_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHE022113-63">[63]</a></sup> In addition, some organisations operate their own MOOCs – including Google's Power Search.</p>
<p>A range of courses have emerged; "There was a real question of whether this would work for humanities and social science", said Ng. However, psychology and philosophy courses are among Coursera's most popular. Student feedback and completion rates suggest that they are as successful as math and science courses <sup id="cite_ref-wsj1013_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj1013-64">[64]</a></sup> even though the corresponding completion rates are lower.<sup id="cite_ref-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
<p>In January 2012, University of Helsinki launched a Finnish MOOC in programming. The MOOC is used as a way to offer high-schools the opportunity to provide programming courses for their students, even if no local premises or faculty that can organize such courses exist.<sup id="cite_ref-VihavainenMOOC2012_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VihavainenMOOC2012-65">[65]</a></sup> The course has been offered recurringly, and the top-performing students are admitted to a BSc and MSc program in Computer Science at the University of Helsinki.<sup id="cite_ref-VihavainenMOOC2012_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VihavainenMOOC2012-65">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> At a meeting on E-Learning and MOOCs, Jaakko Kurhila, Head of studies for University of Helsinki, Department of Computer Science, claimed that to date, there has been over 8000 participants in their MOOCs altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup></p>
<p>On 18 June 2012, Ali Lemus from <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_University" title="Galileo University">Galileo University</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> launched the first Latin American MOOC titled "Desarrollando Aplicaciones para iPhone y iPad"<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> This MOOC is a Spanish remix of Stanford University's popular "CS 193P iPhone Application Development" and had 5,380 students enrolled. The technology used to host the MOOC was the Galileo Educational System platform (GES) which is based on the .LRN project.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup></p>
<p>"Gender Through Comic Books" was a course taught by <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_State_University" title="Ball State University">Ball State University</a>'s Christina Blanch on Instructure's Canvas Network, a MOOC platform launched in November 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-comicbook_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comicbook-71">[71]</a></sup> The course used examples from <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic books">comic books</a> to teach academic concepts about gender and perceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-digitalspy_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digitalspy-72">[72]</a></sup></p>
<p>In November 2012, the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a> launched its first high school MOOC as part of Global Academy, its online high school. The course became available for high school students preparing for the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> Subject Test in biology.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup></p>
<p>During the Spring 2013 semester, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Davidson" title="Cathy Davidson">Cathy Davidson</a> and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Ariely" title="Dan Ariely">Dan Ariely</a> taught the "Surprise Endings: Social Science and Literature" a <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_private_online_course" title="Small private online course">SPOC</a> course taught in-person at Duke University and also as a MOOC, with students from Duke running the online discussions.<sup id="cite_ref-pappano_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pappano-2">[2]</a></sup></p>
<p>In the UK of summer 2013, Physiopedia ran their first MOOC regarding Professional Ethics in collaboration with University of the Western Cape in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup> This was followed by a second course in 2014, Physiotherapy Management of Spinal Cord Injuries, which was accredited by the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Confederation_for_Physical_Therapy" title="World Confederation for Physical Therapy">World Confederation of Physical Therapy</a> and attracted approximately 4000 participants with a 40% completion rate.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup> Physiopedia is the first provider of physiotherapy/physical therapy MOOCs, accessible to participants worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup></p>
<p>In March 2013, Coursolve piloted a <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourced" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowdsourced">crowdsourced</a> business strategy course for 100 organizations with the University of Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> A data science MOOC began in May 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup></p>
<p>In May 2013 Coursera announced free e-books for some courses in partnership with <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chegg" title="Chegg">Chegg</a>, an online textbook-rental company. Students would use Chegg's <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a>, which limits copying and printing and could use the book only while enrolled in the class.<sup id="cite_ref-etext_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etext-80">[80]</a></sup></p>
<p>In June 2013, the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> launched Skynet University,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> which offers MOOCs on introductory astronomy. Participants gain access to the university's global network of <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_telescope" title="Robotic telescope">robotic telescopes</a>, including those in the Chilean Andes and Australia.</p>
<p>In July 2013 the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tasmania" title="University of Tasmania">University of Tasmania</a> launched <i>Understanding Dementia</i>, the world's first Dementia MOOC. With one of the world's highest completion rates (39%),<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> the course was recognized in the journal <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup></p>
<p>Startup Veduca<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> launched the first MOOCs in Brazil, in partnership with the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a> in June 2013. The first two courses were Basic Physics, taught by Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato, and Probability and Statistics, taught by Melvin Cymbalista and André Leme Fleury.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> In the first two weeks following the launch at <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_School_of_the_University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo">Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo</a>, more than 10,000 students enrolled.<sup id="cite_ref-CHE8513_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHE8513-86">[86]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup></p>
<p>Startup Wedubox (Finalist at MassChallenge 2013)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> launched the first MOOC in finance and third MOOC in Latam, the MOOC was created by Jorge Borrero (MBA Universidad de la Sabana) with the title "WACC and the cost of capital" it reached 2.500 students in Dec 2013 only 2 months after the launch.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>In the fall 2014 Georgia Institute of Technology launched the first <i>MOOD</i> (massive online open degree) (Master's degree) in <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> for $7000 by partnering with Udacity and AT&T.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-89">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HuffingtonPost_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffingtonPost-90">[90]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-91">[91]</a></sup></p>
<p>In September 2014, the high street retailer, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer">Marks & Spencer</a> partnered up with <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a> to construct an MOOC business course "which will use case studies from the Company Archive alongside research from the University to show how innovation and people are key to business success. The course will be offered by the UK based MOOC platform, FutureLearn.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup></p>
<p>On 16 March 2015, the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a> launched its first MOOC, <i>Medicine and the Arts</i> on the UK-led platform, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurelearn" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurelearn">Futurelearn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup></p>
<p>In July 2015, OpenClassrooms, jointly with IESA Multimedia, launches first MOOC-based Bachelor degree in multimedia project management, recognized by French state.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Open_Learning_Health_Net&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacific Open Learning Health Net (page does not exist)">Pacific Open Learning Health Net</a>, set up by the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> in 2003, developed an online learning platform in 2004-5 for continuing development of health professionals. Courses were originally delivered by Moodle, but were looking more like other MOOCs by 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Student_experience_and_pedagogy">Student experience and pedagogy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Student experience and pedagogy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Students_served">Students served</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Students served">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>By June 2012 more than 1.5 million people had registered for classes through Coursera, Udacity or edX.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup> As of 2013, the range of students registered appears to be broad, diverse and non-traditional, but concentrated among English-speakers in rich countries. By March 2013, Coursera alone had registered about 2.8 million learners.<sup id="cite_ref-SA31313_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA31313-49">[49]</a></sup> By October 2013, Coursera enrollment continued to surge, surpassing 5 million, while edX had independently reached 1.3 million.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj1013_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj1013-64">[64]</a></sup></p>
<table class="wikitable" style="float:right;">
<caption>Coursera enrollees</caption>
<tr>
<th>Country</th>
<th>Percentage</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>United States</td>
<td>27.7%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>India</td>
<td>8.8%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Brazil</td>
<td>5.1%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>United Kingdom</td>
<td>4.4%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Spain</td>
<td>4.0%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Canada</td>
<td>3.6%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Australia</td>
<td>2.3%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Russia</td>
<td>2.2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Rest of world</td>
<td>41.9%</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>A course billed as "Asia's first MOOC" given by the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Hong Kong University of Science and Technology">Hong Kong University of Science and Technology</a> through Coursera starting in April 2013 registered 17,000 students. About 60% were from "rich countries" with many of the rest from middle-income countries in Asia, South Africa, Brazil or Mexico. Fewer students enrolled from areas with more limited access to the internet, and students from the People's Republic of China may have been discouraged by Chinese government policies.<sup id="cite_ref-HK_MOOC_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HK_MOOC-98">[98]</a></sup></p>
<p>Koller stated in May 2013 that a majority of the people taking Coursera courses had already earned college degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup></p>
<p>According to a Stanford University study of a more general group of students "active learners" – anybody who participated beyond just registering – found that 64% of high school active learners were male and 88% were male for undergraduate- and graduate-level courses.<sup id="cite_ref-lytics_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lytics-100">[100]</a></sup></p>
<p>A study from Stanford University's Learning Analytics group identified four types of students: auditors, who watched video throughout the course, but took few quizzes or exams; completers, who viewed most lectures and took part in most assessments; disengaged learners, who quickly dropped the course; and sampling learners, who might only occasionally watch lectures.<sup id="cite_ref-lytics_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lytics-100">[100]</a></sup> They identified the following percentages in each group:<sup id="cite_ref-Decon_Diseng_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decon_Diseng-101">[101]</a></sup></p>
<table class="wikitable unsortable">
<tr>
<th>Course</th>
<th>Auditing</th>
<th>Completing</th>
<th>Disengaging</th>
<th>Sampling</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>High school</th>
<td>6%</td>
<td>27%</td>
<td>29%</td>
<td>39%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Undergraduate</th>
<td>6%</td>
<td>8%</td>
<td>12%</td>
<td>74%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Graduate</th>
<td>9%</td>
<td>5%</td>
<td>6%</td>
<td>80%</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Jonathan Haber focused on questions of what students are learning and student demographics. About half the students taking US courses are from other countries and do not speak English as their first language. He found some courses to be meaningful, especially about reading comprehension. Video lectures followed by multiple choice questions can be challenging since they are often the "right questions." Smaller discussion boards paradoxically offer the best conversations. Larger discussions can be "really, really thoughtful and really, really misguided", with long discussions becoming rehashes or "the same old stale left/right debate."<sup id="cite_ref-BG_Haber_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BG_Haber-102">[102]</a></sup></p>
<p>MIT and Stanford University offered initial MOOCs in Computer Science and Electrical Engineering. Since engineering courses need prerequisites so at the outset upper-level engineering courses were nearly absent from the MOOC list. Now several universities are presenting undergraduate and advanced-level engineering courses.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Educator_experience">Educator experience</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Educator experience">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 2013, the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicle of Higher Education">Chronicle of Higher Education</a> surveyed 103 professors who had taught MOOCs. "Typically a professor spent over 100 hours on his MOOC before it even started, by recording online lecture videos and doing other preparation", though some instructors' pre-class preparation was "a few dozen hours." The professors then spent 8–10 hours per week on the course, including participation in discussion forums.<sup id="cite_ref-Chron_survey_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chron_survey-106">[106]</a></sup></p>
<p>The medians were: 33,000 students enrollees; 2,600 passing; and 1 teaching assistant helping with the class. 74% of the classes used automated grading, and 34% used peer grading. 97% of the instructors used original videos, 75% used open educational resources and 27% used other resources. 9% of the classes required a physical textbook and 5% required an e-book.<sup id="cite_ref-Chron_survey_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chron_survey-106">[106]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-additional_results_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-additional_results-107">[107]</a></sup></p>
<p>Unlike traditional courses, MOOCs require additional skills, provided by videographers, instructional designers, IT specialists and platform specialists. Georgia Tech professor Karen Head reports that 19 people work on their MOOCs and that more are needed.<sup id="cite_ref-GTech_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GTech-108">[108]</a></sup> The platforms have availability requirements similar to media/content sharing websites, due to the large number of enrollees. MOOCs typically use <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> and are often created with <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoring_system" title="Authoring system">authoring systems</a>. Authoring tools for the creation of MOOCs are specialized packages of <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_software" title="Educational software">educational software</a> like <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elicitus" title="Elicitus">Elicitus</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMC_Content_Studio" title="IMC Content Studio">IMC Content Studio</a> and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectora" title="Lectora">Lectora</a> that are easy-to-use and support e-learning standards like <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCORM" class="mw-redirect" title="SCORM">SCORM</a> and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Industry_Computer-Based_Training_Committee" title="Aviation Industry Computer-Based Training Committee">AICC</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Completion_rates">Completion rates</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Completion rates">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Despite their potential to support learning and education, MOOCs have a major concern related to attrition rates and course drop out. Even though the number of learners who enroll in the courses tends to be in the thousands range, only a very small portion of the enrolled learners complete the course. According to the visualizations and analysis conducted by Katy Jordan (2015),<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup> the investigated MOOCs have a typical enrollment of 25,000, even though enrollment has reached a value up to ~230,000. Jordan reports that the average completion rate for such MOOCs is approximately 15%. Early data from Coursera suggest a completion rate of 7%–9%.<sup id="cite_ref-KatW_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KatW-110">[110]</a></sup> Coffrin et al. (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup> report the completion rates are even lower (between 3 and 5%), while they say there is a consistent and noticeable decline in the number of students who participate in the course every week. Others<sup id="cite_ref-KatW_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KatW-110">[110]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup> have also shown attrition rates similar to Coffrin. One example is the course <i>Bioelectricity, in the Fall of 2012</i> at Duke University, where 12,725 students enrolled, but only 7,761 ever watched a video, 3,658 attempted a quiz, 345 attempted the final exam, and 313 passed, earning a certificate.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup> Students paying $50 for a feature (designed to prevent cheating on exams) have completion rates of about 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-dropout_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dropout-118">[118]</a></sup> Yang et al. (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup> suggest that even though there is a large proportion of students who drop out early on due to a variety of reasons, there is a significant proportion of the students who remain in the course and drop out later, thus causing attrition to happen over time.</p>
<p>Before analyzing some factors which is related to attrition rates and course drop out, one important thing should be keep in mind is that average completion rate for MOOCs is not a good indicator. Completion rate can not reflect the overall view of every student because different students have diverse purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-120">[120]</a></sup> For example, Khe Foon Hew (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-:5_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-120">[120]</a></sup> indicates that some students take part in the MOOCs just for interest or finding extrinsic value of course. They drop the course if the course can not satisfy their purpose. However, completion rate is objective enough to reflect engagement of students.</p>
<p>Much research has investigated why students drop out of MOOC courses or what factors could contribute to them dropping out. For example, Rosé et al. (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-121">[121]</a></sup> investigate how three social factors make predictions on student attrition, for students who participated in the course discussion forum. The authors found that students who serve as authorities in the community seem to be more committed to the community and thus less inclined to drop out the course. In addition, students who actively participated in the course since the first week were 35% less likely to drop out of the course, compared with the average population. Lastly, the analysis of the patterns of attrition in a sub community showed that attrition was related to the engagement of the particular students with one another. One interpretation of this finding according to Rosé et al. (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-121">[121]</a></sup> is that while participating in MOOCs, students create virtual cohorts who progress and engage with the material in similar ways. Thus, if students start dropping out, then that might cause other students to drop out as they might perceive the environment as less supportive or engaging without their peers.</p>
<p>Other studies focus on exploring how motivation and self-regulated learning could be related to MOOC dropout and attrition. Carson (2002)<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup> investigated characteristics of self-directed learning in students of grades 8-12 who took online courses through a statewide online program. Two of the hypothesis that the study explored were whether there exist underlying distinct classes (categories) of self-regulated learners and if the membership in these classes was associated with measures such significantly different online course completion, online final grade, or GPA. The results show that there exist different latent classes of self-regulated learning within the population of online students, designated as high, moderate, and low self-directed learning. In addition, the results support the hypothesis that there is an association between the self-directed learning class the student belongs to with the significantly different course completion rate or course achievement (course achievement was measured by the completion of the online courses, the final online course grade and the cumulative GPA). In other words, course completion and self-directed learning in students were found to be significantly related.</p>
<p>One online survey published a "top ten" list of reasons for dropping out of a MOOC.<sup id="cite_ref-Open_culture_1_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Open_culture_1-123">[123]</a></sup> The list involved reasons such as the course required too much time, or was too difficult or too basic. Reasons related to poor course design included "lecture fatigue" from courses that were just lecture videos, lack of a proper introduction to course technology and format, clunky technology and abuse on discussion boards. Hidden costs were cited, including required readings from expensive textbooks written by the instructor that also significantly limited students' access to learning material.<sup id="cite_ref-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL-7">[7]</a></sup> Other non-completers were "just shopping around" when they registered, or were participating for knowledge rather than a credential. Other reasons for the poor completion rates include the workload, length and difficulty of a course.<sup id="cite_ref-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL-7">[7]</a></sup> In addition, some participants participate peripherally ("lurk"). For example, one of the first MOOCs in 2008 had 2200 registered members, of whom 150 actively interacted at various times.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup></p>
<p>Besides those factors cause the low completion rate in MOOCs, the inequality on receiving knowledge affected by different characters of individual also has huge influence on the consequence of completion rate. Actually, MOOC is not as fair as we expected. Russian researchers Semenova, T.V. and Rudakova, L.M (2016) , indicate that MOOC is designed to decrease the unequal access to getting knowledge, but that doesn't mean every individual can enjoy the same equality in course completion rate. From their research, there are three main factors cause the inequality, which are degree of education, experience of MOOCs and gender. The survey shows that 18% high-education students complete the course while only 3% low-education students complete. To be more visualized, 84-88% students who have completed the course are high-educational. What's more, among students who have completed the course, 65-80% students have at least one experience of using online learning platform comparing to 6-31% students who have no experience . Gender also influence the completion rate, in general, 6%-7% more men than women complete the course because women are supposed to do household in many countries, which distract women's attention in learning.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup></p>
<p>The effectiveness of MOOCs is an open question as completion rates are substantially less than traditional online education courses.<sup id="cite_ref-Yousef_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yousef-126">[126]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khaled_M_2014_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khaled_M_2014-127">[127]</a></sup> Alraimi et al. (2015) explained in their research model a substantial percentage of the variance for the intention to continue using MOOCs, which is significantly influenced by perceived reputation, perceived openness, perceived usefulness, and perceived user satisfaction. Perceived reputation and perceived openness were the strongest predictors and have not previously been examined in the context of MOOCs</p>
<p>However research indicates that completion rates is not the right metric to measure success of MOOCs. Alternate metrics are proposed to measure effectiveness of MOOCs and online learning.<sup id="cite_ref-Khaled_M_2014_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khaled_M_2014-127">[127]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Instructional_design">Instructional design</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Instructional design">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="infobox" style="width:22em;width: 210px; float: right; clear: right; margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em">
<caption>External video</caption>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duke_Chapel_spire.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Duke Chapel spire.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Duke_Chapel_spire.jpg/210px-Duke_Chapel_spire.jpg" width="210" height="210" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Duke_Chapel_spire.jpg/315px-Duke_Chapel_spire.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180112035358im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Duke_Chapel_spire.jpg/420px-Duke_Chapel_spire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2030"/></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180112035358im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKbPNx2TSgM"><span class="plainlinks">10 Steps to Developing an Online Course: Walter Sinnott-Armstrong</span></a> on <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a><sup id="cite_ref-Duke_U_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duke_U-128">[128]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180112035358im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.slideshare.net/gsiemens/designing-and-running-a-mooc">Designing, developing and running (Massive) Online Courses</a> by <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Siemens" title="George Siemens">George Siemens</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabasca_University" title="Athabasca University">Athabasca University</a><sup id="cite_ref-Atha_U_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atha_U-129">[129]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Many MOOCs use video <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture" title="Lecture">lectures</a>, employing the old form of teaching (lecturing) using a new technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Yousef_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yousef-126">[126]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EReality_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EReality-130">[130]</a></sup> Thrun testified before the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%E2%80%99s_Council_of_Advisors_on_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology">President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology</a> (PCAST) that MOOC "courses are 'designed to be challenges,' not lectures, and the amount of data generated from these assessments can be evaluated 'massively using machine learning' at work behind the scenes. This approach, he said, dispels 'the medieval set of myths' guiding teacher efficacy and student outcomes, and replaces it with evidence-based, 'modern, data-driven' educational methodologies that may be the instruments responsible for a 'fundamental transformation of education' itself".<sup id="cite_ref-Librarians_and_the_Era_of_the_MOOC_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Librarians_and_the_Era_of_the_MOOC-131">[131]</a></sup></p>
<p>Some view the videos and other material produced by the MOOC as the next form of the textbook. "MOOC is the new textbook", according to David Finegold of <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup> A study of edX student habits found that certificate-earning students generally stop watching videos longer than 6 to 9 minutes. They viewed the first 4.4 minutes (median) of 12- to 15-minute videos.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup> Some traditional schools blend online and offline learning, sometimes called flipped classrooms. Students watch lectures online at home and work on projects and interact with faculty while in class. Such hybrids can even improve student performance in traditional in-person classes. One fall 2012 test by San Jose State and edX found that incorporating content from an online course into a for-credit campus-based course increased pass rates to 91% from as low as 55% without the online component. "We do not recommend selecting an online-only experience over a blended learning experience", says Coursera's Andrew Ng.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj1013_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj1013-64">[64]</a></sup></p>
<p>Because of massive enrollments, MOOCs require instructional design that facilitates large-scale feedback and interaction. The two basic approaches are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Peer-review and group collaboration</li>
<li>Automated feedback through objective, online assessments, e.g. quizzes and exams<sup id="cite_ref-DoF_1_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoF_1-134">[134]</a></sup> Machine grading of written assignments is also underway.<sup id="cite_ref-IHE_1_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHE_1-135">[135]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<p>So-called connectivist MOOCs rely on the former approach; broadcast MOOCs rely more on the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup> This marks a key distinction between <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_open_online_course#Connectivist_design" title="Massive open online course">cMOOCs</a> where the 'C' stands for 'connectivist', and xMOOCs where the x stands for extended (as in TEDx, edX) and represents that the MOOC is designed to be in addition to something else (university courses for example).<sup id="cite_ref-xMOOC_def_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xMOOC_def-137">[137]</a></sup></p>
<p>Assessment can be the most difficult activity to conduct online, and online assessments can be quite different from the bricks-and-mortar version.<sup id="cite_ref-DoF_1_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoF_1-134">[134]</a></sup> Special attention has been devoted to proctoring and cheating.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT030212_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT030212-138">[138]</a></sup></p>
<p>Peer review is often based upon sample answers or <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubric_(academic)" title="Rubric (academic)">rubrics</a>, which guide the grader on how many points to award different answers. These rubrics cannot be as complex for peer grading as for teaching assistants. Students are expected to learn via grading others<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup> and become more engaged with the course.<sup id="cite_ref-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in_AIS_Electronic_Library_AISeL-7">[7]</a></sup> Exams may be proctored at regional testing centers. Other methods, including "eavesdropping technologies worthy of the C.I.A." allow testing at home or office, by using webcams, or monitoring mouse clicks and typing styles.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT030212_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT030212-138">[138]</a></sup> Special techniques such as <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerized_adaptive_testing" title="Computerized adaptive testing">adaptive testing</a> may be used, where the test tailors itself given the student's previous answers, giving harder or easier questions accordingly.</p>
<p>"The most important thing that helps students succeed in an online course is interpersonal interaction and support", says Shanna Smith Jaggars, assistant director of <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>'s <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_College_Research_Center" title="Community College Research Center">Community College Research Center</a>. Her research compared online-only and face-to-face learning in studies of community-college students and faculty in Virginia and Washington state. Among her findings: In Virginia, 32% of students failed or withdrew from for-credit online courses, compared with 19% for equivalent in-person courses.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj1013_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj1013-64">[64]</a></sup></p>
<p>Assigning mentors to students is another interaction-enhancing technique.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj1013_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj1013-64">[64]</a></sup> In 2013 Harvard offered a popular class, <i>The Ancient Greek Hero</i>, instructed by <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Nagy" title="Gregory Nagy">Gregory Nagy</a> and taken by thousands of Harvard students over prior decades. It appealed to alumni to volunteer as online mentors and discussion group managers. About 10 former teaching fellows also volunteered. The task of the volunteers, which required 3–5 hours per week, was to focus online class discussion. The edX course registered 27,000 students.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT032513_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT032513-140">[140]</a></sup></p>
<p>Research by Kop and Fournier<sup id="cite_ref-oltraining6_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oltraining6-141">[141]</a></sup> highlighted as major challenges the lack of social presence and the high level of autonomy required. Techniques for maintaining connection with students include adding audio comments on assignments instead of writing them, participating with students in the discussion forums, asking brief questions in the middle of the lecture, updating weekly videos about the course and sending congratulatory emails on prior accomplishments to students who are slightly behind.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj1013_64-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj1013-64">[64]</a></sup> Grading by peer review has had mixed results. In one example, three fellow students grade one assignment for each assignment that they submit. The grading key or rubric tends to focus the grading, but discourages more creative writing.<sup id="cite_ref-BG_Haber_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BG_Haber-102">[102]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Jacobs" title="A. J. Jacobs">A. J. Jacobs</a> in an op-ed in the <i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> graded his experience in 11 MOOC classes overall as a "B".<sup id="cite_ref-AJJ_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJJ-142">[142]</a></sup> He rated his professors as '"B+", despite "a couple of clunkers", even comparing them to pop stars and "A-list celebrity professors." Nevertheless, he rated teacher-to-student interaction as a "D" since he had almost no contact with the professors. The highest rated ("A") aspect of Jacobs' experience was the ability to watch videos at any time. Student-to-student interaction and assignments both received "B-". Study groups that didn't meet, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_(Internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Troll (Internet)">trolls</a> on message boards and the relative slowness of online vs. personal conversations lowered that rating. Assignments included multiple choice quizzes and exams as well as essays and projects. He found the multiple choice tests stressful and peer graded essays painful. He completed only 2 of the 11 classes.<sup id="cite_ref-AJJ_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJJ-142">[142]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPR_AJ_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR_AJ-143">[143]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Information_architecture">Information architecture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Information architecture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>When searching for the desired course the courses are usually organized by "most popular" or a "topical scheme". Courses planned for synchronous learning are structured as an exact organizational scheme called a <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chronological_organization_scheme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chronological organization scheme (page does not exist)">chronological scheme,</a> <sup id="cite_ref-:4_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-144">[144]</a></sup> Courses planned for <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_learning" title="Asynchronous learning">asynchronous learning</a> are also presented as a chronological scheme, but the order the information is learned as a hybrid scheme. In this way it can be harder to understand the course content and complete, because they are not based on an existing <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_model" title="Mental model">mental model.</a> <sup id="cite_ref-:4_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-144">[144]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Industry">Industry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Industry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>MOOCs are widely seen as a major part of a larger <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">disruptive innovation</a> taking place in higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-avalanche_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avalanche-145">[145]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Times_HE_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times_HE-146">[146]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup> In particular, the many services offered under traditional university business models are predicted to become <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbundling" title="Unbundling">unbundled</a> and sold to students individually or in newly formed bundles.<sup id="cite_ref-KCarey_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCarey-148">[148]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHarden_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHarden-149">[149]</a></sup> These services include research, curriculum design, content generation (such as textbooks), teaching, assessment and certification (such as granting degrees) and student placement. MOOCs threaten existing business models by potentially selling teaching, assessment, or placement separately from the current package of services.<sup id="cite_ref-avalanche_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avalanche-145">[145]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhu_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu-150">[150]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shirky_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirky-151">[151]</a></sup></p>
<p>President <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> has cited recent developments, including the online learning innovations at <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> and Georgia Institute of Technology, as having potential to reduce the rising costs of higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-WhiteHouse_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhiteHouse-152">[152]</a></sup></p>
<p>James Mazoue, Director of Online Programs at <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a> describes one possible innovation:</p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<p>The next disruptor will likely mark a tipping point: an entirely free online curriculum leading to a degree from an accredited institution. With this new business model, students might still have to pay to certify their credentials, but not for the process leading to their acquisition. If free access to a degree-granting curriculum were to occur, the business model of higher education would dramatically and irreversibly change.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazoue_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazoue-153">[153]</a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<p>But how universities will benefit by "giving our product away free online" is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT010613_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT010613-154">[154]</a></sup></p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<p>No one's got the model that's going to work yet. I expect all the current ventures to fail, because the expectations are too high. People think something will catch on like wildfire. But more likely, it's maybe a decade later that somebody figures out how to do it and make money.</p>
<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>James Grimmelmann, New York Law School professor<sup id="cite_ref-NYT010613_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT010613-154">[154]</a></sup></cite></div>
</blockquote>
<p>Principles of <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">openness</a> inform the creation, structure and operation of MOOCs. The extent to which practices of Open Design in educational technology<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></sup> are applied vary.</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="float:right;">
<caption>Attributes of major MOOC providers,<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></sup> with update <sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></sup></caption>
<tr>
<th>Initiatives</th>
<th>For profit</th>
<th>Free to access</th>
<th>Certification fee</th>
<th>Institutional credits</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>edX</th>
<td style="background:#F99;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td>
<td style="background:#9F9;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#9F9;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#F99;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Coursera</th>
<td style="background:#9F9;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#FFB;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial</td>
<td style="background:#9F9;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#FFB;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Udacity</th>
<td style="background:#9F9;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#9F9;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#9F9;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#FFB;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Udemy</th>
<td style="background:#9F9;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#FFB;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial</td>
<td style="background:#9F9;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#FFB;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>P2PU</th>
<td style="background:#F99;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td>
<td style="background:#9F9;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#F99;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td>
<td style="background:#F99;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fee_opportunities">Fee opportunities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fee opportunities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">freemium</a> business model the basic product – the course content – is given away free. "Charging for content would be a tragedy", said Andrew Ng. But "premium" services such as certification or placement would be charged a fee - however financial aids are given in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-SA31313_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA31313-49">[49]</a></sup></p>
<p>Course developers could charge licensing fees for educational institutions that use its materials. Introductory or "gateway" courses and some remedial courses may earn the most fees. Free introductory courses may attract new students to follow-on fee-charging classes. Blended courses supplement MOOC material with face-to-face instruction. Providers can charge employers for recruiting its students. Students may be able to pay to take a proctored exam to earn transfer credit at a degree-granting university, or for certificates of completion.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT010613_154-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT010613-154">[154]</a></sup> Udemy allows teachers to sell online courses, with the course creators keeping 70–85% of the proceeds and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property rights">intellectual property rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></sup></p>
<p>Coursera found that students who paid $30 to $90 were substantially more likely to finish the course. The fee was ostensibly for the company's identity-verification program, which confirms that they took and passed a course.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj1013_64-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj1013-64">[64]</a></sup></p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>Overview of potential revenue sources for three MOOC providers<sup id="cite_ref-TechCrunch_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch-159">[159]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CETIS_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CETIS-160">[160]</a></sup></caption>
<tr>
<th>edX</th>
<th>Coursera</th>
<th>UDACITY</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<ul>
<li>Certification</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>Certification</li>
<li>Secure assessments</li>
<li>Employee recruitment</li>
<li>Applicant screening</li>
<li>Human tutoring or assignment marking</li>
<li>Enterprises pay to run their own training courses</li>
<li>Sponsorships</li>
<li>Tuition fees</li>
<li>Transcript services (not disclosed to students yet)</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>Certification</li>
<li>Employers paying to recruit talented students</li>
<li>Students' résumés and job match services</li>
<li>Sponsored high-tech skills courses</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>In February 2013 the American Council on Education (ACE) recommended that its members provide transfer credit from a few MOOC courses, though even the universities who deliver the courses had said that they would not.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ020713_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ020713-161">[161]</a></sup> The <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a> offered multiple, <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competency-based_learning" title="Competency-based learning">competency-based</a> <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's</a> and <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's</a> degrees starting Fall 2013, the first public university to do so on a system-wide basis. The university encouraged students to take online-courses such as MOOCs and complete assessment tests at the university to receive credit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As of 2013 few students had applied for college credit for MOOC classes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_University-Global_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado State University-Global Campus">Colorado State University-Global Campus</a> received no applications in the year after they offered the option.<sup id="cite_ref-no_takers_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-no_takers-162">[162]</a></sup></p>
<p>Academic Partnerships is a company that helps public universities move their courses online. According to its chairman, Randy Best, "We started it, frankly, as a campaign to grow enrollment. But 72 to 84 percent of those who did the first course came back and paid to take the second course."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT012313_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT012313-163">[163]</a></sup></p>
<p>While Coursera takes a larger cut of any revenue generated – but requires no minimum payment – the not-for-profit edX has a minimum required payment from course providers, but takes a smaller cut of any revenues, tied to the amount of support required for each course.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Benefits">Benefits</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Benefits">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Improving_access_to_Higher_Education">Improving access to Higher Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Improving access to Higher Education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>MOOCs are regarded by many as an important tool to widen access to Higher Education (HE) for millions of people, including those in the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing world</a>, and ultimately enhance their quality of life. MOOCs may be regarded as contributing to the democratisation of HE, not only locally or regionally but globally as well. MOOCs can help democratise content and make knowledge reachable for everyone. Students are able to access complete courses offered by universities all over the world, something previously unattainable. With the availability of affordable technologies, MOOCs increase access to an extraordinary number of courses offered by world-renowned institutions and teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-165">[165]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Providing_an_affordable_alternative_to_formal_education">Providing an affordable alternative to formal education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Providing an affordable alternative to formal education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The costs of tertiary education continue to increase because institutions tend to bundle too many services. With MOOCs, some of these services can be transferred to other suitable players in the public or private sector. MOOCs are for large numbers of participants, can be accessed by anyone anywhere as long as they have an Internet connection, are open to everyone without entry qualifications and offer a full/complete course experience online for free.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-165">[165]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sustainable_Development_Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sustainable Development Goals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a></div>
<p>MOOCs can be seen as a form of open education offered for free through online platforms. The (initial) philosophy of MOOCs is to open up quality Higher Education to a wider audience. As such, MOOCs are an important tool to achieve Goal 4 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_165-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-165">[165]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Challenges_and_criticisms">Challenges and criticisms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Challenges and criticisms">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The MOOC Guide<sup id="cite_ref-MoocGuide_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoocGuide-167">[167]</a></sup> suggests six possible challenges for cMOOCs:</p>
<ol>
<li>Relying on user-generated content can create a chaotic learning environment</li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_literacy" title="Digital literacy">Digital literacy</a> is necessary to make use of the online materials</li>
<li>The time and effort required from participants may exceed what students are willing to commit to a free online course</li>
<li>Once the course is released, content will be reshaped and reinterpreted by the massive student body, making the course trajectory difficult for instructors to control</li>
<li>Participants must self-regulate and set their own goals</li>
<li>Language and translation barriers</li>
</ol>
<p>These general challenges in effective MOOC development are accompanied by criticism by journalists and academics.</p>
<p><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zemsky" title="Robert Zemsky">Robert Zemsky</a> (2014) argues that they have passed their peak: "They came; they conquered very little; and now they face substantially diminished prospects."<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup> Others have pointed to a backlash arising from the tiny completion rates.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></sup></p>
<p>Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> dispute that the "territorial" dimensions of MOOCs<sup id="cite_ref-TerritorialDimensions_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TerritorialDimensions-170">[170]</a></sup> have received insufficient discussion or data-backed analysis, namely: 1. the true geographical diversity of enrolls in/completes courses; 2. the implications of courses scaling across country borders, and potential difficulties with relevance and knowledge transfer; and 3. the need for territory-specific study of locally relevant issues and needs.</p>
<p>Other features associated with early MOOCs, such as open licensing of content, open structure and learning goals, and community-centeredness, may not be present in all MOOC projects.<sup id="cite_ref-MOOC_Misnomer_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOOC_Misnomer-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
<p>Effects on the structure of higher education were lamented for example by <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Y._Vardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Moshe Y. Vardi">Moshe Y. Vardi</a>, who finds an "absence of serious pedagogy in MOOCs", and indeed in all of higher education. He criticized the format of "short, unsophisticated video chunks, interleaved with online quizzes, and accompanied by social networking."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Reads like a description rather than a critique. (October 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An underlying reason is simple cost cutting pressures, which could hamstring the higher education industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Vardi_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vardi-171">[171]</a></sup></p>
<p>The changes predicted from MOOCs generated objections in some quarters. The San Jose State University philosophy faculty wrote in an open letter to Harvard University professor and MOOC teacher <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Sandel">Michael Sandel</a>:</p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<p>Should one-size-fits-all vendor-designed blended courses become the norm, we fear two classes of universities will be created: one, well-funded colleges and universities in which privileged students get their own real professor; the other, financially stressed private and public universities in which students watch a bunch of video-taped lectures.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_Sandel_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear_Sandel-172">[172]</a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary_Nelson" title="Cary Nelson">Cary Nelson</a>, former president of the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Professors" title="American Association of University Professors">American Association of University Professors</a> claimed that MOOCs are not a reliable means of supplying credentials, stating that "It’s fine to put lectures online, but this plan only degrades degree programs if it plans to substitute for them." Sandra Schroeder, chair of the Higher Education Program and Policy Council for the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers" title="American Federation of Teachers">American Federation of Teachers</a> expressed concern that "These students are not likely to succeed without the structure of a strong and sequenced academic program."<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></sup></p>
<p>With a 60% majority, the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a> faculty rejected the opportunity to work with edX based on a perceived incompatibility with their seminar-style classes and personalized feedback. Some were concerned about issues such as the "information dispensing" teaching model of lectures followed by exams, the use of multiple-choice exams and peer-grading. The <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> faculty took a similar stance in the spring of 2013. The effect of MOOCs on second- and third-tier institutions and of creating a professorial "star system" were among other concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-IHE_1_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHE_1-135">[135]</a></sup></p>
<p>At least one alternative to MOOCs has advocates: <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distributed_open_collaborative_courses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distributed open collaborative courses (page does not exist)">Distributed open collaborative courses</a> (<a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DOCC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOCC (page does not exist)">DOCC</a>) challenge the roles of the instructor, hierarchy, money and massiveness. DOCC recognizes that the pursuit of knowledge may be achieved better by not using a centralized singular syllabus, that expertise is distributed throughout all the participants and does not just reside with one or two individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></sup></p>
<p>Another alternative to MOOCs is the <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-Paced_Online_Course_(SPOC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-Paced Online Course (SPOC) (page does not exist)">Self-Paced Online Course (SPOC)</a> which provides a high degree of flexibility. Students can decide on their own pace and with which session they would like to begin their studies. According to a report by <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Class_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Class Central (page does not exist)">Class Central</a> founder Dhawal Shah, more than 800 self-paced courses have been available in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></sup></p>
<p>Although the purpose of MOOCs is ultimately to educate more people, recent criticisms include accessibility and a Westernized curriculum that lead to a failure to reach the same audiences marginalised by traditional methods.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></sup></p>
<p>MOOCs have been criticized for a perceived lack of academic rigor as well as the monetization strategies adopted by providers. In <i>MOOCs: A University Qualification in 24 Hours?</i> Michael Shea writes "By offering courses that are near-impossible to fail and charging up front fees for worthless certificates, Coursera is simply running a high-tech version of the kind of scams that have been run by correspondence colleges for decades."<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span id="The_experience_of_English_Language_Learners_.28ELLs.29_in_MOOCs"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_experience_of_English_Language_Learners_(ELLs)_in_MOOCs">The experience of English Language Learners (ELLs) in MOOCs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The experience of English Language Learners (ELLs) in MOOCs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Language of instruction is one of the major barriers that ELLs face in MOOCs. In recent estimates, almost 75% of MOOC courses are presented in the English language, however, native English speakers are a minority among the world's population.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></sup> This issue is mediated by the increasing popularity of English as a global language, and therefore has more second language speakers than any other language in the world. This barrier has encouraged content developers and other MOOC stakeholders to develop content in other popular languages to increase MOOC access. However, research studies show that some ELLs prefer to take MOOCs in English, despite the language challenges, as it promotes their goals of Economic, Social, and Geographic mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></sup> This emphasizes the need to not only provide MOOC content in other languages, but also to develop English language interventions for ELLs who participate in English MOOCs.</p>
<p>Areas that ELLs particularly struggle with in English MOOCs include MOOC content without corresponding visual supporting materials<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></sup> (e.g., an instructor narrating instruction without text support in the background), or their hesitation to participate in MOOC discussion forums.<sup id="cite_ref-Kulkarni_1116–1128_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulkarni_1116–1128-181">[181]</a></sup> Active participation in MOOC discussion forums has been found to improve students grades, their engagement, and leads to lower dropout rates,<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></sup> however, ELLs are more likely to be spectators than active contributors in discussion forums.<sup id="cite_ref-Kulkarni_1116–1128_181-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulkarni_1116–1128-181">[181]</a></sup> </p>
<p>Researching studies show a “complex mix of affective, socio-cultural, and educational factors” that are inhibitors to their active participation in discussion forums.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></sup> As expected, English as the language of communication poses both linguistic and cultural challenges for ELLs, and they may not be confident in their English language communication abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></sup> Discussion forums may also be an uncomfortable means of communication especially for ELLs from Confucian cultures, where disagreement and arguing one’s points are often viewed as confrontational, and harmony is promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></sup> Therefore, while ELLs may be perceived as being uninterested in participating, research studies show that they do not show the same hesitation in face to face discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-186">[186]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-187">[187]</a></sup> Finally, ELLs may come from high power distance cultures,<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></sup> where teachers are regarded as authority figures, and the culture of back and forth conversations between teachers and students are not a cultural norm.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-186">[186]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_187-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-187">[187]</a></sup> As a result, discussion forums with active participation from the instructors may cause discomfort and prevent participation for students from such cultures.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_MOOC" title="Language MOOC">Language MOOC</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcome-based_education" title="Outcome-based education">Outcome-based education</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCourseWare" title="OpenCourseWare">OpenCourseWare</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saylor_Foundation" title="Saylor Foundation">Saylor Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_private_online_course" title="Small private online course">Small private online course</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualifications_framework#Qualifications_frameworks_for_online_learning" title="Qualifications framework">Qualifications frameworks for online learning</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_educational_resources_in_Canada" title="Open educational resources in Canada">Open educational resources in Canada</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" style="position: relative; padding: 0.4em 10px 0.4em 65px;">
<div style="position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 10px; margin-top: -17.5px;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/35px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" width="35" height="35" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/53px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180112035358im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/70px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218"/></div>
<p>This article incorporates text from a <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=245122&set=0058D2750B_1_34&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1">Licence statement</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002451/245122E.pdf"><i>Making Sense of MOOCs: A Guide for Policy-Makers in Developing Countries</i></a>, 17-18, 21-22, 24, Patru, Mariana; Balaji, Venkataraman, UNESCO. UNESCO.</p>
<p>To learn how to add freely licensed text to Wikipedia articles, please see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Terms_of_use#7c" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Terms of use">the terms of use</a>.</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMfipxhT_Co"><span class="plainlinks">George Siemens on Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)</span></a> on <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Ravenscroft-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ravenscroft_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dialogue and Connectivism: A New Approach to Understanding and Promoting Dialogue-Rich Networked Learning <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/934">[1]</a> Andrew Ravenscroft International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning Vol. 12.3 March – 2011, Learning Technology Research Institute (LTRI), London Metropolitan University, UK</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Mak_Williams_Mackness-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mak_Williams_Mackness_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.F. John Mak, R. Williams, and J. Mackness, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/organisations/netlc/past/nlc2010/abstracts/PDFs/Mak.pdf">Blogs and Forums as Communication and Learning Tools in a MOOC</a>, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Networked Learning (2010)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MOOCd_out-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MOOCd_out_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MOOCd_out_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Yang, Dennis (14 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dennis-yang/post_4496_b_2877799.html">"Are We MOOC'd Out?"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Are+We+MOOC%27d+Out%3F&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdennis-yang%2Fpost_4496_b_2877799.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.youtube.com/user/SXSWedu"><span class="plainlinks">SXSWedu 2013 - MOOCS: Hype or Hope?</span>'s channel</a> on <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Yang, Dennis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dennis-yang/post_4496_b_2877799.html">"Are We MOOC'd Out?"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Are+We+MOOC%27d+Out%3F&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdennis-yang%2Fpost_4496_b_2877799.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NYT022013-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT022013_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT022013_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT022013_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Tamar Lewin (20 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/education/universities-abroad-join-mooc-course-projects.html">"Universities Abroad Join Partnerships on the Web"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Universities+Abroad+Join+Partnerships+on+the+Web&rft.date=2013-02-20&rft.au=Tamar+Lewin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F02%2F21%2Feducation%2Funiversities-abroad-join-mooc-course-projects.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-moocyear-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moocyear_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laura Pappano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/04/education/edlife/massive-open-online-courses-are-multiplying-at-a-rapid-pace.html?pagewanted=1">The Year of the MOOC – The New York Times</a>. 2 November 2012</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FT032013-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FT032013_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Skapinker, Michael (20 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/84f6cd3e-8a50-11e2-bf79-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2PcHimOzr">"Open web courses are massively overhyped"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Open+web+courses+are+massively+overhyped&rft.date=2013-03-20&rft.aulast=Skapinker&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F2%2F84f6cd3e-8a50-11e2-bf79-00144feabdc0.html%23axzz2PcHimOzr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/the-mooc-fades-in-3-charts/55701">The MOOC Hype Fades</a> Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved March 6, 2015."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Major_players-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Major_players_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Major_players_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Major_players_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://chronicle.com/article/The-Major-Players-in-the-MOOC/138817/#id=overview">"Major Players in the MOOC Universe"</a>. <i>chronicle.com</i>. 29 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chronicle.com&rft.atitle=Major+Players+in+the+MOOC+Universe&rft.date=2013-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FThe-Major-Players-in-the-MOOC%2F138817%2F%23id%3Doverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NYT71712-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT71712_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT71712_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Richard Pérez-Peña (17 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/18/education/top-universities-test-the-online-appeal-of-free.html">"Top universities test the online appeal of free"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Top+universities+test+the+online+appeal+of+free&rft.date=2012-07-17&rft.au=Richard+P%C3%A9rez-Pe%C3%B1a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F18%2Feducation%2Ftop-universities-test-the-online-appeal-of-free.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-edXPressRelease-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edXPressRelease_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.edx.org/press/edx-takes-first-step-toward-open-source">"edX Takes First Step toward Open Source Vision by Releasing XBlock SDK"</a>. <i>www.edx.org</i>. edX<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.edx.org&rft.atitle=edX+Takes+First+Step+toward+Open+Source+Vision+by+Releasing+XBlock+SDK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edx.org%2Fpress%2Fedx-takes-first-step-toward-open-source&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-SA31313-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SA31313_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SA31313_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SA31313_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Waldrop, M. Mitchell; Nature magazine (13 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=massive-open-online-courses-transform-higher-education-and-science">"Massive Open Online Courses, aka MOOCs, Transform Higher Education and Science"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Massive+Open+Online+Courses%2C+aka+MOOCs%2C+Transform+Higher+Education+and+Science&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft.aulast=Waldrop&rft.aufirst=M.+Mitchell&rft.au=Nature+magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dmassive-open-online-courses-transform-higher-education-and-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sotiris says: (2 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.moodlenews.com/2013/another-look-at-eliademy-a-free-alternative-to-moodle/">"Another Look at Eliademy, a cloud-based alternative to Moodle | Moodle News"</a>. Moodlenews.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Another+Look+at+Eliademy%2C+a+cloud-based+alternative+to+Moodle+%26%23124%3B+Moodle+News&rft.pub=Moodlenews.com&rft.date=2013-08-02&rft.au=Sotiris+says%3A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moodlenews.com%2F2013%2Fanother-look-at-eliademy-a-free-alternative-to-moodle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Claire Shaw (20 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/blog/2012/dec/20/futurelearn-uk-moocs-martin-bean">"FutureLearn is UK's chance to 'fight back', says OU vice-chancellor | Higher Education Network | Guardian Professional"</a>. Guardian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FutureLearn+is+UK%27s+chance+to+%27fight+back%27%2C+says+OU+vice-chancellor+%26%23124%3B+Higher+Education+Network+%26%23124%3B+Guardian+Professional&rft.pub=Guardian&rft.date=2012-12-20&rft.au=Claire+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fhigher-education-network%2Fblog%2F2012%2Fdec%2F20%2Ffuturelearn-uk-moocs-martin-bean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/07/openclassrooms-launches-first-mooc-based-bachelor-degree-recognized-by-french-state">"OpenClassrooms Launches First MOOC-Based Bachelor Degree Recognized By French State"</a>. Techcrunch.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OpenClassrooms+Launches+First+MOOC-Based+Bachelor+Degree+Recognized+By+French+State&rft.pub=Techcrunch.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2015%2F07%2F07%2Fopenclassrooms-launches-first-mooc-based-bachelor-degree-recognized-by-french-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v505/n7481/full/505026a.html">"Online education: Targeted MOOC captivates students"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>505</b>: 26. <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://doi.org/10.1038%2F505026a">10.1038/505026a</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Online+education%3A+Targeted+MOOC+captivates+students&rft.volume=505&rft.pages=26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F505026a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv505%2Fn7481%2Ffull%2F505026a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.veduca.com.br/home/index">"Educação de qualidade ao alcance de todos"</a>. Veduca. 11 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+qualidade+ao+alcance+de+todos&rft.pub=Veduca&rft.date=2013-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.veduca.com.br%2Fhome%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.edsurge.com/n/2013-06-17-latin-america-s-first-mooc">"Latin America's First MOOC"</a>. EdSurge. 17 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+America%27s+First+MOOC&rft.pub=EdSurge&rft.date=2013-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edsurge.com%2Fn%2F2013-06-17-latin-america-s-first-mooc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-CHE8513-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CHE8513_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sara Grossman (5 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/american-mooc-providers-face-international-competition/44637">"American MOOC Providers Face International Competition"</a>. <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=American+MOOC+Providers+Face+International+Competition&rft.date=2013-07-05&rft.au=Sara+Grossman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Fblogs%2Fwiredcampus%2Famerican-mooc-providers-face-international-competition%2F44637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://masschallenge.org/blog/wedubox-and-masschallenge-0">"Wedubox first massive online platform in Latam and MassChallenge"</a>. MassChallenge. 11 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wedubox+first+massive+online+platform+in+Latam+and+MassChallenge&rft.pub=MassChallenge&rft.date=2013-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmasschallenge.org%2Fblog%2Fwedubox-and-masschallenge-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Forbes-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.forbes.com/sites/troyonink/2013/05/15/georgia-tech-udacity-shock-higher-ed-with-7000-degree/">"Georgia Tech, Udacity Shock Higher Ed With $7,000 Degree"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Georgia+Tech%2C+Udacity+Shock+Higher+Ed+With+%247%2C000+Degree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftroyonink%2F2013%2F05%2F15%2Fgeorgia-tech-udacity-shock-higher-ed-with-7000-degree%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-HuffingtonPost-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HuffingtonPost_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zvi-galil/proving-grounds-for-a-new_b_5899762.html">"Proving Grounds for a New Model for Higher Education"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Proving+Grounds+for+a+New+Model+for+Higher+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fzvi-galil%2Fproving-grounds-for-a-new_b_5899762.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Time-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://business.time.com/2013/05/21/the-7000-computer-science-degree-and-the-future-of-higher-education/">"The $7,000 Computer Science Degree — and the Future of Higher Education"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+%247%2C000+Computer+Science+Degree+%E2%80%94+and+the+Future+of+Higher+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.time.com%2F2013%2F05%2F21%2Fthe-7000-computer-science-degree-and-the-future-of-higher-education%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.russellgroup.ac.uk/CSLeeds/">"From market stall to University partnership – Marks & Spencer's long association with Leeds"</a>. <i>Russell group</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russell+group&rft.atitle=From+market+stall+to+University+partnership+%E2%80%93+Marks+%26+Spencer%27s+long+association+with+Leeds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russellgroup.ac.uk%2FCSLeeds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.uct.ac.za/dailynews/?id=8957">"UCT's first MOOC: Medicine and the arts"</a>. <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a>. 21 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UCT%27s+first+MOOC%3A+Medicine+and+the+arts&rft.pub=University+of+Cape+Town&rft.date=2015-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uct.ac.za%2Fdailynews%2F%3Fid%3D8957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/07/openclassrooms-launches-first-mooc-based-bachelor-degree-recognized-by-french-state/">"OpenClassrooms Launches First MOOC-Based Bachelor Degree Recognized By French State"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=OpenClassrooms+Launches+First+MOOC-Based+Bachelor+Degree+Recognized+By+French+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2015%2F07%2F07%2Fopenclassrooms-launches-first-mooc-based-bachelor-degree-recognized-by-french-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://elearning.healthsci.otago.ac.nz/2013/06/25/pacific-open-learning-health-net-polhn/">Pacific Open Learning Health Net</a>, eLearning NZ</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Steve Kolowich (11 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/06/11/experts-speculate-possible-business-models-mooc-providers">"Experts speculate on possible business models for MOOC providers"</a>. Inside Higher Ed<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Experts+speculate+on+possible+business+models+for+MOOC+providers&rft.pub=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.date=2012-06-11&rft.au=Steve+Kolowich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F06%2F11%2Fexperts-speculate-possible-business-models-mooc-providers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g. the first 3 minutes of the video <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.ted.com/daphne_koller_what_we_re_learning_from_online_education">"Daphne Koller: What we're learning from online education"</a>. <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a>. June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daphne+Koller%3A+What+we%27re+learning+from+online+education&rft.pub=TED&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ted.com%2Fdaphne_koller_what_we_re_learning_from_online_education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-HK_MOOC-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HK_MOOC_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sharma, Yojana (22 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://chronicle.com/article/Hong-Kong-MOOC-Draws-Students/138723/">"Hong Kong MOOC Draws Students from Around the World"</a>. <i>Chronicle of Higher Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+MOOC+Draws+Students+from+Around+the+World&rft.date=2013-04-22&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Yojana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FHong-Kong-MOOC-Draws-Students%2F138723%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> reprinted from <i>University World News</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Kolowich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://chronicle.com/article/In-Deals-With-10-Public/139533/?cid=at">"In Deals With 10 Public Universities, Coursera Bids for Role in Credit Courses", <i>Chronicle of Higher Education</i> 30 May 2013</a></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-Shirky-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shirky_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Shirky, Clay (17 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2012/dec/17/moocs-higher-education-transformation">"Higher education: our MP3 is the mooc"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Higher+education%3A+our+MP3+is+the+mooc&rft.date=2012-12-17&rft.aulast=Shirky&rft.aufirst=Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2012%2Fdec%2F17%2Fmoocs-higher-education-transformation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-WhiteHouse-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WhiteHouse_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.whitehouse.gov/photos-and-video/video/2013/08/22/president-obama-speaks-college-affordability#transcript">"Remarks by the President on College Affordability -- Buffalo, NY"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_House" class="mw-redirect" title="The White House">The White House</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+White+House&rft.atitle=Remarks+by+the+President+on+College+Affordability+--+Buffalo%2C+NY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fphotos-and-video%2Fvideo%2F2013%2F08%2F22%2Fpresident-obama-speaks-college-affordability%23transcript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Mazoue-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mazoue_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mazoue, James G. (28 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/mooc-model-challenging-traditional-education">"The MOOC Model: Challenging Traditional Education"</a>. EDUCAUSE Review Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+MOOC+Model%3A+Challenging+Traditional+Education&rft.pub=EDUCAUSE+Review+Online&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft.aulast=Mazoue&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.educause.edu%2Fero%2Farticle%2Fmooc-model-challenging-traditional-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NYT010613-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT010613_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT010613_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT010613_154-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Lewin, Tamar (6 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/07/education/massive-open-online-courses-prove-popular-if-not-lucrative-yet.html">"Students Rush to Web Classes, but Profits May Be Much Later"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Students+Rush+to+Web+Classes%2C+but+Profits+May+Be+Much+Later&rft.date=2013-01-06&rft.aulast=Lewin&rft.aufirst=Tamar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F01%2F07%2Feducation%2Fmassive-open-online-courses-prove-popular-if-not-lucrative-yet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Iiyoshi, Toru; Kumar, M. S. Vijay (2008). <i>Opening Up Education: The Collective Advancement of Education through Open Technology, Open Content, and Open Knowledge</i>. MIT Press. <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262033712" title="Special:BookSources/0262033712">0262033712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opening+Up+Education%3A+The+Collective+Advancement+of+Education+through+Open+Technology%2C+Open+Content%2C+and+Open+Knowledge&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0262033712&rft.aulast=Iiyoshi&rft.aufirst=Toru&rft.au=Kumar%2C+M.+S.+Vijay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuan, Li, and Stephen Powell. MOOCs and Open Education: Implications for Higher Education White Paper. University of Bolton: CETIS, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://publications.cetis.ac.uk/2013/667">http://publications.cetis.ac.uk/2013/667</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koller, Daphne. An update on assessments, grades and certification, Coursera blog, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://blog.coursera.org/post/131520811622/an-update-on-assessments-grades-and">http://blog.coursera.org/post/131520811622/an-update-on-assessments-grades-and</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Carey, Kevin (20 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://chronicle.com/article/Revenge-of-the-Underpaid/131919/">"Revenge of the Underpaid Professors"</a>. <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Revenge+of+the+Underpaid+Professors&rft.date=2012-05-20&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FRevenge-of-the-Underpaid%2F131919%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-TechCrunch-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TechCrunch_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://techcrunch.com/2013/05/30/edukart-raises-500k-to-bring-better-online-education-to-india-and-the-developing-world/">"Edukart Raises $500K To Bring Better Online Education To India And The Developing World"</a>. <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a>. 30 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edukart+Raises+%24500K+To+Bring+Better+Online+Education+To+India+And+The+Developing+World&rft.pub=TechCrunch&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2013%2F05%2F30%2Fedukart-raises-500k-to-bring-better-online-education-to-india-and-the-developing-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-WSJ020713-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ020713_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Korn, Melissa (7 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324906004578288341039095024">"Big MOOC Coursera Moves Closer to Academic Acceptance"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Big+MOOC+Coursera+Moves+Closer+to+Academic+Acceptance&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft.aulast=Korn&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424127887324906004578288341039095024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-no_takers-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-no_takers_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kolowich, Steve (8 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://chronicle.com/article/A-Universitys-Offer-of-Credit/140131/">"A University's Offer of Credit for a MOOC Gets No Takers"</a>. <i>Chronicle of Higher Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=A+University%27s+Offer+of+Credit+for+a+MOOC+Gets+No+Takers&rft.date=2013-07-08&rft.aulast=Kolowich&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FA-Universitys-Offer-of-Credit%2F140131%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Udacity, which is offering an online master's degree in computer science in partnership with Georgia Tech, reported in October 2013 that applications for the term starting in January 2014 were more than double the number of applications that Georgia Tech receives for its traditional program. <cite class="citation web">Belkin, douglas (30 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://stream.wsj.com/story/latest-headlines/SS-2-63399/SS-2-368104/">"First-of-Its-Kind Online Master's Draws Wave of Applicants"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First-of-Its-Kind+Online+Master%E2%80%99s+Draws+Wave+of+Applicants&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft.aulast=Belkin&rft.aufirst=douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstream.wsj.com%2Fstory%2Flatest-headlines%2FSS-2-63399%2FSS-2-368104%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NYT012313-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT012313_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamar Lewin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/23/education/public-universities-to-offer-free-online-classes-for-credit.html">Public Universities to Offer Free Online Classes for Credit</a>. 23 January 2013</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kolowich, Steve (21 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://chronicle.com/article/How-EdX-Plans-to-Earn-and/137433/">"How EdX Plans to Earn, and Share, Revenue From Free Online Courses - Technology - The Chronicle of Higher Education"</a>. Chronicle.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+EdX+Plans+to+Earn%2C+and+Share%2C+Revenue+From+Free+Online+Courses+-+Technology+-+The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.pub=Chronicle.com&rft.date=2013-02-21&rft.aulast=Kolowich&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FHow-EdX-Plans-to-Earn-and%2F137433%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Uchidiuno, Judith; Hammer, Jessica; Yarzebinski, Evelyn; Koedinger, Kenneth R.; Ogan, Amy (1 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3051457.3053981">"Characterizing ELL Students' Behavior During MOOC Videos Using Content Type"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Fourth (2017) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale</i>. L@S '17. New York, NY, USA: ACM: 185–188. <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3051457.3053981">10.1145/3051457.3053981</a>. <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450344500" title="Special:BookSources/9781450344500">9781450344500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Fourth+%282017%29+ACM+Conference+on+Learning+%40+Scale&rft.atitle=Characterizing+ELL+Students%27+Behavior+During+MOOC+Videos+Using+Content+Type&rft.pages=185-188&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3051457.3053981&rft.isbn=9781450344500&rft.aulast=Uchidiuno&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Hammer%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Yarzebinski%2C+Evelyn&rft.au=Koedinger%2C+Kenneth+R.&rft.au=Ogan%2C+Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.acm.org%2F10.1145%2F3051457.3053981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">P., Wang, Xu|Yang, Diyi|Wen, Miaomiao|Koedinger, Kenneth|Rosé, Carolyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED560568">"Investigating How Student's Cognitive Behavior in MOOC Discussion Forums Affect Learning Gains"</a>. <i>International Educational Data Mining Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Educational+Data+Mining+Society&rft.atitle=Investigating+How+Student%27s+Cognitive+Behavior+in+MOOC+Discussion+Forums+Affect+Learning+Gains.&rft.aulast=P.&rft.aufirst=Wang%2C+Xu%7CYang%2C+Diyi%7CWen%2C+Miaomiao%7CKoedinger%2C+Kenneth%7CRos%C3%A9%2C+Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2F%3Fid%3DED560568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jackson, Jane (1 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0346251X01000513">"Reticence in second language case discussions: anxiety and aspirations"</a>. <i>System</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 65–84. <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0346-251X%2801%2900051-3">10.1016/S0346-251X(01)00051-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=System&rft.atitle=Reticence+in+second+language+case+discussions%3A+anxiety+and+aspirations&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-84&rft.date=2002-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0346-251X%2801%2900051-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0346251X01000513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">T. Kanti Srikantaiah; Dong Xiaoying (1 September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/10176749810237626">"The Internet and its impact on developing countries: examples from China and India"</a>. <i>Asian Libraries</i>. <b>7</b> (9): 199–209. <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://doi.org/10.1108%2F10176749810237626">10.1108/10176749810237626</a>. <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1017-6748">1017-6748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Libraries&rft.atitle=The+Internet+and+its+impact+on+developing+countries%3A+examples+from+China+and+India&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=199-209&rft.date=1998-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F10176749810237626&rft.issn=1017-6748&rft.au=T.+Kanti+Srikantaiah&rft.au=Dong+Xiaoying&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emeraldinsight.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1108%2F10176749810237626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Samovar, Larry A.; Porter, Richard E.; McDaniel, Edwin R.; Roy, Carolyn Sexton (7 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.amazon.com/Communication-Between-Cultures-Larry-Samovar/dp/111134910X"><i>Communication Between Cultures</i></a> (8 ed.). Wadsworth Publishing. <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781111349103" title="Special:BookSources/9781111349103">9781111349103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communication+Between+Cultures&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft.isbn=9781111349103&rft.aulast=Samovar&rft.aufirst=Larry+A.&rft.au=Porter%2C+Richard+E.&rft.au=McDaniel%2C+Edwin+R.&rft.au=Roy%2C+Carolyn+Sexton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FCommunication-Between-Cultures-Larry-Samovar%2Fdp%2F111134910X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_186-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Holmes, Prue (1 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03634520500442160">"Ethnic Chinese Students' Communication with Cultural Others in a New Zealand University This paper was first presented at the Australia New Zealand Communication Association (ANZCA) conference at Coolangatta, Queensland, Australia, in July 2002. The work is based on the author's doctoral thesis"</a>. <i>Communication Education</i>. <b>54</b> (4): 289–311. <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03634520500442160">10.1080/03634520500442160</a>. <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0363-4523">0363-4523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+Education&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Chinese+Students%E2%80%99+Communication+with+Cultural+Others+in+a+New+Zealand+University+This+paper+was+first+presented+at+the+Australia+New+Zealand+Communication+Association+%28ANZCA%29+conference+at+Coolangatta%2C+Queensland%2C+Australia%2C+in+July+2002.+The+work+is+based+on+the+author%27s+doctoral+thesis.&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=289-311&rft.date=2005-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03634520500442160&rft.issn=0363-4523&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Prue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F03634520500442160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_187-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_187-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Warden, C. A. (23 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1080569905276669">"Cultural Values and Communication Online: Chinese and Southeast Asian Students in a Taiwan International MBA Class"</a>. <i>Business Communication Quarterly</i>. <b>68</b> (2): 222–232. <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1080569905276669">10.1177/1080569905276669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Communication+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Cultural+Values+and+Communication+Online%3A+Chinese+and+Southeast+Asian+Students+in+a+Taiwan+International+MBA+Class&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222-232&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1080569905276669&rft.aulast=Warden&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F1080569905276669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hofstede, Geert (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss1/8/?&sa=U&ei=9owuVLrgCIfXaqzngIgJ&ved=0CEsQFjAJ&usg=AFQjCNFBrStE0AJaAVPLrpU8s-lDqibYvw">"Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context"</a>. <i>Online Readings in Psychology and Culture</i>. <b>2</b> (1). <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://doi.org/10.9707%2F2307-0919.1014">10.9707/2307-0919.1014</a>. <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2307-0919">2307-0919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Online+Readings+in+Psychology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Dimensionalizing+Cultures%3A+The+Hofstede+Model+in+Context&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9707%2F2307-0919.1014&rft.issn=2307-0919&rft.aulast=Hofstede&rft.aufirst=Geert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.gvsu.edu%2Forpc%2Fvol2%2Fiss1%2F8%2F%3F%26sa%3DU%26ei%3D9owuVLrgCIfXaqzngIgJ%26ved%3D0CEsQFjAJ%26usg%3DAFQjCNFBrStE0AJaAVPLrpU8s-lDqibYvw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massive_open_online_course&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Massive_Open_Online_Course" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Massive Open Online Course">Massive Open Online Course</a></b></i>.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><cite class="citation book">Walsh, Taylor (2011). <i>Unlocking the Gates: How and Why Leading Universities Are Opening Up Access to Their Courses</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14874-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14874-8">978-0-691-14874-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unlocking+the+Gates%3A+How+and+Why+Leading+Universities+Are+Opening+Up+Access+to+Their+Courses&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14874-8&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassive+open+online+course" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th>
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<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Massive open online course</a> (MOOC)</li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectivism" title="Connectivism">Connectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Open educational resources</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamification" title="Gamification">Gamification</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbundling" title="Unbundling">Unbundling</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Earth" title="Academic Earth">Academic Earth</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALISON_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="ALISON (company)">ALISON</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvas_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Canvas Network">Canvas Network</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Open_Resources_for_Education" title="China Open Resources for Education">China Open Resources for Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edulanka" title="Edulanka">Edulanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_OpenCourseWare" title="MIT OpenCourseWare">MIT OpenCourseWare</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCourseWare" title="OpenCourseWare">OpenCourseWare</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenLearn" title="OpenLearn">OpenLearn</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_to_Peer_University" title="Peer to Peer University">Peer to Peer University</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topica_Edtech_Group" title="Topica Edtech Group">Topica Edtech Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda.com" title="Lynda.com">Lynda.com</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliademy" title="Eliademy">Eliademy</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codecademy" title="Codecademy">Codecademy</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Course_(YouTube)" title="Crash Course (YouTube)">Crash Course</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EduKart" title="EduKart">EduKart</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EdX" title="EdX">edX</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Universit%C3%A9_Num%C3%A9rique" title="France Université Numérique">France Université Numérique</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeCodeCamp" title="FreeCodeCamp">freeCodeCamp</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FutureLearn" title="FutureLearn">FutureLearn</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IONISx" title="IONISx">IONISx</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iversity" title="Iversity">iversity</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadenze" title="Kadenze">Kadenze</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open2Study" class="mw-redirect" title="Open2Study">Open2Study</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenHPI" title="OpenHPI">OpenHPI</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenLearning" title="OpenLearning">OpenLearning</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Programme_on_Technology_Enhanced_Learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (page does not exist)">National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NovoEd" title="NovoEd">NovoEd</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Academy" title="Shaw Academy">Shaw Academy</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udacity" title="Udacity">Udacity</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udemy" title="Udemy">Udemy</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gamified Learning</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_English" title="Hello English">Hello English</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codecademy" title="Codecademy">Codecademy</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon_Hero" title="Ribbon Hero">Ribbon Hero</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClassDojo" title="ClassDojo">ClassDojo</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Earth" title="Academic Earth">Academic Earth</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALISON_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="ALISON (company)">ALISON</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvas_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Canvas Network">Canvas Network</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Open_Resources_for_Education" title="China Open Resources for Education">China Open Resources for Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EdX" title="EdX">edX</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FutureLearn" title="FutureLearn">FutureLearn</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_English" title="Hello English">Hello English</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NovoEd" title="NovoEd">NovoEd</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCourseWare" title="OpenCourseWare">OpenCourseWare</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenLearning" title="OpenLearning">OpenLearning</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_to_Peer_University" title="Peer to Peer University">Peer to Peer University</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Academy" title="Shaw Academy">Shaw Academy</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udacity" title="Udacity">Udacity</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udemy" title="Udemy">Udemy</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anant_Agarwal" title="Anant Agarwal">Anant Agarwal</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Downes" title="Stephen Downes">Stephen Downes</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Feerick" title="Mike Feerick">Mike Feerick</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_brothers" title="Green brothers">Green brothers</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Green" title="Hank Green">Hank</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Green_(author)" title="John Green (author)">John</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGP_Grey" title="CGP Grey">CGP Grey</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Khan_(educator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salman Khan (educator)">Salman Khan</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_Koller" title="Daphne Koller">Daphne Koller</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Muller" title="Derek Muller">Derek Muller</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Norvig" title="Peter Norvig">Peter Norvig</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ng" title="Andrew Ng">Andrew Ng</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Siemens" title="George Siemens">George Siemens</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Thrun" title="Sebastian Thrun">Sebastian Thrun</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda_Weinman" title="Lynda Weinman">Lynda Weinman</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Open_access" style="padding:3px">
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Open_access_navbox" title="Template:Open access navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Open_access_navbox" title="Template talk:Open access navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Open_access_navbox&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="Open_access" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_to_read&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free to read (page does not exist)">Free to read</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">Subscription business model</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">Paywall</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_transfer_agreement" title="Copyright transfer agreement">Copyright transfer agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript_(publishing)" title="Manuscript (publishing)">Manuscript</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_processing_charge" title="Article processing charge">Article processing charge</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_open_access_publishing" title="Predatory open access publishing">Predatory publishing</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open access statements</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities">Berlin Declaration</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing" title="Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing">Bethesda Statement</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Statement_on_Open_Access_to_Legal_Scholarship" title="Durham Statement on Open Access to Legal Scholarship">Durham Statement</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIH_Public_Access_Policy" title="NIH Public Access Policy">NIH Public Access Policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Works_Act" title="Research Works Act">Research Works Act</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strategies for implementing open access</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_journal" title="Open access journal">Open access journal</a> ("gold OA")</li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-archiving" title="Self-archiving">Self-archiving</a> ("green OA")</li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-access_mandate" title="Open-access mandate">Open-access mandate</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_repository" title="Open access repository">Open access repository</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_open_access_journal" title="Hybrid open access journal">Hybrid open access journal</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_open_access_journal" title="Delayed open access journal">Delayed open access journal</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations associated with open access</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals" title="Directory of Open Access Journals">Directory of Open Access Journals</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishers_Association" title="Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Archives_Initiative" title="Open Archives Initiative">Open Archives Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Knowledge">Open Knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories" title="Registry of Open Access Repositories">Registry of Open Access Repositories</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open_access_projects" title="List of open access projects">List of open access projects</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_to_knowledge_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Access to knowledge movement">Access to knowledge movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access2Research" title="Access2Research">Access2Research</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of open-access journals">List of open-access journals</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_repositories" title="List of repositories">List of repositories</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Knowledge_Project" title="Public Knowledge Project">Public Knowledge Project</a></li>
<li><a href="/web/20180112035358/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cost_of_Knowledge" title="The Cost of Knowledge">The Cost of Knowledge</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
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interwiki-ro"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOOC" title="MOOC – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81" title="Массовый открытый онлайн-курс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovni_otvoreni_onlajn_kurs" title="Masovni otvoreni onlajn kurs – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massiivinen_avoin_verkkokurssi" title="Massiivinen avoin verkkokurssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooc" title="Mooc – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பாரிய திறந்த இணைப்பு வகுப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%81" title="มู้ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitlesel_%C3%A7evrimi%C3%A7i_a%C3%A7%C4%B1k_ders" title="Kitlesel çevrimiçi açık ders – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Масові відкриті онлайн-курси – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc_tr%E1%BB%B1c_tuy%E1%BA%BFn_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_ch%C3%BAng_m%E1%BB%9F" title="Khóa học trực tuyến đại chúng mở – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112035358/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E8%AF%BE%E5%A0%82" title="大规模开放在线课堂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul>
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