Subgoals

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Given the following code snippet, evaluate the final statement (the last line). If invalid, give the reason. If valid, what value is assigned to the variable? Note any possible side effects.

int alpha = 2, beta = 1, delta = 3, eta, gamma;
double omega = 2.5, theta = -1.3, kappa = 3.0, lambda, rho;

eta = beta + delta % ++alpha;

The expression is the right-hand-side (RHS) of the statement: beta + delta % ++alpha. At the beginning of the snippet, all of these variables were declared as int type, so all of the operations will also result in int values.

The ++ and -- syntax indicates pre- or post- side effect assignments upon variables within an expression.

An increment is an increase of 1, while a decrement is a decrease of 1. Generally, we only want to perform these operations on int values, but it is valid to perform them on double values.

It is important to note that these assignments may be side effects in other expressions, but they can also be statements all on their own. For example, the simple statement ++delta; would be a valid line of Java code all on its own, adding 1 to the value of delta and assigning back into the delta variable.

In this case, ++alpha is a pre-increment operation, so we increment alpha, and the new assigned value of alpha is 3 (it was initialized to 2).

The LHS is a variable of type int, and the RHS is type int. This is valid.

It is wise to double-check whether the ++ or -- were on the left or right of the variables, to be sure whether we perform a pre or post side effect assignment. In this case, the only increment was a pre-increment, so we do not need to peform any post side effect assignments.

Q1) What are the final values of alpha, beta, delta and eta?

Q2) Try this in the ActiveCode box below: double x=-2.1; System.out.print(++x);

Q3) Try this in the ActiveCode box below, and try other values instead of 4: int i=0; while(i<4){System.out.print(++i);}