## Section7.4Integration by Change of Variables or Substitution

At the end of the last section we warned that the symbolic integration techniques we have developed only work for problems that exactly fit our formulas. When we tried integrating an exponential function where the exponent was a constant times $$t\text{,}$$ we had to change the base to get a function with only $$t$$ in the exponent. We want to develop one more technique of integration, that of change of variables or substitution, to handle integrals that are pretty close to our stated rules. This technique is often called $$u$$-substitution and is related to the chain rule for differentiation.

### Subsection7.4.1Change of variables for indefinite integrals

We start by exploring some examples where we can get the desired result by the guess and check technique.

Find $$\int (3x+5)^7\, dx\text{.}$$

Solution.

We could do this problem by rewriting the integrand as an explicit seventh degree polynomial and then using the power and sum rules, but that is too much work. Instead I will notice the integrand looks almost like a power, and thus guess an answer of $$\frac{1}{8} (3x+5)^8+C\text{.}$$ I then check by differentiating. Using the chain rule,

\begin{equation*} \frac{d}{dx} (\frac{1}{8} (3x+5)^8+C)=\frac{1}{8}*8(3x+5)^{8-1}*3=3(3x+5)^7\text{.} \end{equation*}

Thus our guess was off by a factor of 3 and the correct antiderivative is

\begin{equation*} \frac{1}{3}*\frac{1}{8} (3x+5)^8+C=\frac{1}{24} (3x+5)^8+C\text{.} \end{equation*}

We can easily use the same trick to produce a rule for powers of a linear polynomial.

Find $$\int (ax+b)^n dx\text{.}$$

Solution.

As we did in the previous example, we first guess the antiderivative to be $$\frac{1}{n+1} (ax+b)^{n+1}+C\text{.}$$ We then take the derivative of that expression and obtain $$a(ax+b)^n\text{.}$$ This misses our integrand by a factor of $$a\text{.}$$ We adjust by that factor and find the antiderivative is $$\frac{1}{a} \frac{1}{n+1} (ax+b)^{n+1}+C\text{.}$$

We can use the same trick to produce a rule for functions that are the exponential of a linear function.

Find $$\int e^{ax+b} dx\text{.}$$

Solution.

As we did in the last example, our first guess uses the basic rule without worrying about the linear term, so we guess $$e^{ax+b}+C\text{.}$$ We then take the derivative of that expression and obtain $$ae^{ax+b}\text{.}$$ This misses our integrand by a factor of $$a\text{.}$$ We adjust by that factor and find the antiderivative is $$\frac{1}{a} e^{ax+b}+C\text{.}$$

We run into a problem if we try to extend this method with quadratic terms. If we start with $$(x^2+5)^3$$ and guess an antiderivative of $$\frac{1}{4} (x^2+5)^4\text{,}$$ when we differentiate we get $$(x^2+5)^3 2x$$ and are off by a factor of $$8x\text{.}$$ However when we divide by that factor to get $$\frac{(x^2+5)^4}{8x}$$ as a proposed antiderivative, and then differentiate again we get

\begin{equation*} \frac{4*2x(x^2+5)^3*8x-(x^2+5)^4*8}{8x}\text{,} \end{equation*}

which is not what we want. The key is to start by recalling the chain rule:

\begin{equation*} \frac{d}{dx} (f(g(x)))=f'(g(x))g'(x)\text{.} \end{equation*}

We want to use the same rule with a different notation, using implicit differentiation and a new variable $$u\text{:}$$

\begin{equation*} \frac{d}{dx} (f(u))=f'(u)\frac{du}{dx}\text{.} \end{equation*}

By the fundamental theorem of calculus, we can convert this to an integration formula:

\begin{equation*} \int f' (u) \frac{du}{dx} dx=f(u)+C\text{.} \end{equation*}

We will generally simplify $$\frac{du}{dx} dx$$ to $$du\text{,}$$ so our substitution rule is

\begin{equation*} \int f' (u)du=f(u)+C\text{.} \end{equation*}

Let us rework some earlier examples with this method and then illustrate the method with a more difficult problem.

Find $$\int (3x+5)^7 dx\text{.}$$

Solution.

The obvious candidate for $$u$$ is $$3x+5\text{.}$$ Then $$du=3\,dx\text{.}$$ Thus

\begin{align*} \int (3x+5)^7\, dx \amp =\frac{1}{3} \int (3x+5)^7 (3\,dx) \quad \text{ (Make } u \text{ and } du \text{explicit.)}\\ \amp =\frac{1}{3} \int (u)^7 \, du \quad \text{ (Do the substitution.)}\\ \amp =\frac{1}{3*8} (u)^8+C \quad \text{ (Find the integral in terms of } u.)\\ \amp =\frac{1}{24} (3x+5)^8+C \quad \text{ (Substitute back.)}\text{.} \end{align*}

This is easy to generalize for a power of a linear term.

Find $$\int (ax+b)^n dx\text{.}$$

Solution.

The obvious candidate for $$u$$ is $$ax+b\text{.}$$ Then $$du=a \, dx\text{.}$$ Hence

\begin{align*} \int (ax+b)^n\, dx \amp =\frac{1}{a} \int (ax+b)^n (a\, dx) \quad \text{ (Make } u \text{ and } du \text{explicit.)}\\ \amp =\frac{1}{a} \int (u)^n \, du \quad \text{ (Do the substitution.)}\\ \amp =\frac{1}{a*(n+1)} (u)^{n+1}+C \quad \text{ (Find the integral in terms of } u.)\\ \amp =\frac{1}{a*(n+1)} (ax+b)^{n+1}+C \quad \text{ (Substitute back.)}\text{.} \end{align*}

To use this method with $$u$$ replacing something more complicated than a linear term, we need to have $$du$$ available, with the possible addition of multiplying by a scalar constant.

Find $$\int (2x^3+11)^7 x^2 dx\text{.}$$

Solution.

The obvious candidate for $$u$$ is $$2x^3+11\text{.}$$ Then $$du=6x^2d$$x. Thus

\begin{align*} \int (2x^3+11)^7 x^2\, dx \amp =\frac{1}{6} \int (2x^3+11)^7 (6x^2 \,dx) \quad \text{ (Make } u \text{ and } du \text{explicit.)}\\ \amp =\frac{1}{6} \int (u)^7 \, du \quad \text{ (Do the substitution.)}\\ \amp =\frac{1}{6*8} (u)^8+C \quad \text{ (Find the integral in terms of } u.)\\ \amp =\frac{1}{48} (2x^3+11)^8+C \quad \text{ (Substitute back.)}\text{.} \end{align*}

By convention, $$u$$ is often used the new variable used with this change of variables technique, so the technique is often called $$u$$-substitution.

### Subsection7.4.2Change of variables for definite integrals

In the definite integral, we understand that $$a$$ and $$b$$ are the $$x$$-values of the ends of the integral. We could be more explicit and write $$x=a$$ and $$x=b\text{.}$$ The last step in solving a definite integral is to substitute the endpoints back into the antiderivative we have found. We can either change the variables for the endpoints as well, or we can convert the antiderivative back to the original variables before substituting. Consider the following example.

Evaluate $$\int_1^3 e^{2x+5} dx\text{.}$$

Solution 1.

Solution 1: Convert everything to $$u\text{.}$$ The obvious candidate for $$u$$ is $$2x+5\text{.}$$ Then $$du=2\, dx\text{.}$$ For the lower endpoint, $$x=1$$ becomes $$u=7\text{.}$$ For the upper endpoint $$x=3$$ becomes $$u=11\text{.}$$ Substituting,

\begin{align*} \int_1^3 e^{2x+5}\, dx \amp =\frac{1}{2} \int_1^3 e^{2x+5} (2\,dx) \quad \text{ (Make } u \text{ and } du \text{ explicit.)}\\ \amp =\frac{1}{2} \int_{u=7}^{u=11}e^u \,du \quad \text{ (Do the substitution.)}\\ \amp =\left.\frac{1}{2} e^u\right|_7^{11} \quad \text{ (Find the antiderivative.)}\\ \amp =\frac{1}{2} e^{11}-\frac{1}{2} e^7. \quad \text{ (Evaluate.)}\text{.} \end{align*}
Solution 2.

Solution 2: Keeping, but labeling, the endpoints. We have the same $$u$$ and $$du\text{,}$$ but do not convert the endpoints. To reduce confusion we make sure to label the variable when we are using both $$x$$ and $$u\text{.}$$ Thus,

\begin{align*} \int_1^3 e^{2x+5} \, dx \amp =\frac{1}{2} \int_1^3 e^{2x+5} (2\,dx) \quad \text{ (Make } u \text{ and } du \text{ explicit.)}\\ \amp =\frac{1}{2} \int_{x=1}^{x=3}e^u \,du \quad \text{ (Do the substitution.)}\\ \amp =\left.\frac{1}{2} e^u\right|_{x=1}^{x=3} \quad \text{ (Find the antiderivative.)}\\ \amp =\left.\frac{1}{2} e^{2x+3}\right|_{x=1}^{x=3} \quad \text{ (Convert back.)}\\ \amp =\frac{1}{2} e^{11}-\frac{1}{2} e^7. \quad \text{ (Evaluate.)}\text{.} \end{align*}

It should be noted that when we change variables we may find ourselves looking at an integral from $$a$$ to $$b$$ where the $$b \lt a\text{.}$$ We do not change the order of the endpoints.

Evaluate $$\int_{-2}^1 x \exp(x^2)dx$$

Solution.

(Convert everything to $$u\text{.}$$) The obvious candidate for $$u$$ is $$x^2\text{.}$$ Then $$du=2x\, dx\text{.}$$ For the lower endpoint, $$x=-2$$ becomes $$u=4\text{.}$$ For the upper endpoint $$x=1$$ becomes $$u=1\text{.}$$ Substituting,

\begin{align*} \int_{-2}^1 x e^{(x^2)}\,dx \amp =\frac{1}{2} \int_{-2}^1 e^{(x^2)}(2x\, dx) \quad \text{(Make } u \text{ and } du \text{explicit.)}\\ \amp =\frac{1}{2} \int_{4}^{1}e^u\, du \quad \text{ (Do the substitution.)}\\ \amp =\left.\frac{1}{2} e^u\right|_4^{1} \quad \text{ (Find the antiderivative.)}\\ \amp =\frac{1}{2} (1-e^4).\amp \quad \text{ (Evaluate.)}\text{.} \end{align*}

### Exercises7.4.3Exercises: Integration by Change of Variables or Substitution Problems

#### Exercise Group.

Evaluate the following integrals. In each case identify the term that will be treated as $$u\text{.}$$

##### 1.
\begin{equation*} \int (5x+3)^4 dx\text{.} \end{equation*}
Solution.

Let $$u=5x+3\text{.}$$ Then $$du=5dx\text{.}$$

\begin{align*} \int (5x+3)^4 dx\amp =\int \frac{(u)^4 du}{5}\\ \amp =\frac{u^5}{25} +c\\ \amp =\frac{(5x+3)^5}{25} +c\text{.} \end{align*}
##### 2.
\begin{equation*} \int (7x-9)^{11} dx\text{.} \end{equation*}
##### 3.
\begin{equation*} \int (x/5-2)^{2/3} dx\text{.} \end{equation*}
Solution.

Let $$u=x/5-2\text{.}$$ Then $$du=dx/5\text{.}$$

\begin{align*} \int (x/5-2)^{2/3} dx\amp=5\int {u^{2/3} du}\\ \amp=3{u^{5/3}}+c \\ \amp= 3{(x/5-2)^{5/3}} +c\text{.} \end{align*}
##### 4.
\begin{equation*} \int (143567x+98736)^{2578965} dx \text{.} \end{equation*}
##### 5.
\begin{equation*} \int \sqrt{(8x-3)} dx\text{.} \end{equation*}
Solution.

Let $$u=8x-3\text{.}$$ Then $$du=8dx\text{.}$$

\begin{align*} \int (8x-3)^{1/2} dx\amp=1/8 \int {u^{1/2} du}\\ \amp=\frac{1}{12}{u^{3/2}}+c \\ \amp= \frac{1}{12}{(8x-3)^{3/2}} +c\text{.} \end{align*}
##### 6.
\begin{equation*} \int \frac{1}{\sqrt{3x+7}} dx \text{.} \end{equation*}
##### 7.
\begin{equation*} \int 100e^{.06t-5} dt\text{.} \end{equation*}
Solution.

Let $$u=0.06t-5\text{.}$$ Then $$du=0.06dt\text{.}$$

\begin{align*} \int 100 e^{0.06t-5}dt \amp=\frac{1}{0.06} \int {100 e^{u}du}\\ \amp=\frac{100 e^{u}}{0.06}+c \\ \amp= \frac{100 e^{0.06t-5}}{0.06}+c\text{.} \end{align*}
##### 8.
\begin{equation*} \int 150(1/2)^{t/5} dt\text{.} \end{equation*}
##### 9.
\begin{equation*} \int (2x+5) (x^2+5x+3)^5 dx \text{.} \end{equation*}
Solution.

Let $$u=x^2+5x+3\text{.}$$ Then $$du=(2x+5)dx\text{.}$$

\begin{align*} \int (2x+5) (x^2+5x+3)^5 dx\amp =\int u^5\,du\\ \amp =\frac{u^6}{6} +c\\ \amp =\frac{(x^2+5x+3)^6}{6} +c\text{.} \end{align*}
##### 10.
\begin{equation*} \int 50xe^{-x^2 } dx\text{.} \end{equation*}
##### 11.
\begin{equation*} \int \frac{3x^2+1}{x^3+x+9} dx \text{.} \end{equation*}
Solution.

Let $$u=x^3+x+9\text{.}$$ Then $$du=(3x^2+1)dx\text{.}$$

\begin{align*} \int \frac{3x^2+1}{x^3+x+9} dx\amp =\int \frac{du}{u}\\ \amp =\ln|u| +c\\ \amp =\ln|x^3+x+9| +c\text{.} \end{align*}
##### 12.
\begin{equation*} \int x\sqrt{x^2-9} dx\text{.} \end{equation*}
##### 13.
\begin{equation*} \int_0^3 e^{3x+1} dx\text{.} \end{equation*}
Solution.

Let $$u=3x+1\text{.}$$ Then $$du=3dx\text{.}$$

\begin{align*} \int_0^3 e^{3x+1} dx\amp=\int_{u=1}^{u=10} e^u \,du\\ \amp=\left.\frac{1}{3}e^u\right|_{u=1}^{u=10}\\ \amp= \frac{1}{3} (e^{10}-e^1)\text{.} \end{align*}
##### 14.
\begin{equation*} \int_0^10 100e^{-0.04t} dt \text{.} \end{equation*}
##### 15.
\begin{equation*} \int_0^5 e^{(-0.05(t+1))} dt \text{.} \end{equation*}
Solution.

Let $$u=-0.05(t+1)\text{.}$$ Then $$du=-0.05dt\text{.}$$

\begin{align*} \int_0^5 e^{-0.05(t+1)} dt\amp=-frac{1}{0.05}\int_{u=-0.05}^{u=-0.3} e^u \,du\\ \amp=\left.-20e^u\right|_{u=-0.05}^{u=-0.3}\\ \amp= -20 (e^{-0.3}-e^{-0.05})\text{.} \end{align*}
##### 16.
\begin{equation*} \int_1^3 (2x+5)^{-2} dx\text{.} \end{equation*}
##### 17.
\begin{equation*} \int_1^6 x\sqrt{3x^2+7} dx \text{.} \end{equation*}
Solution.

Let $$u=3x^2+7\text{.}$$ Then $$du=6x\,dx\text{.}$$

\begin{align*} \int_1^6 x(3x^2+7)^{1/2} dx\amp=\frac{1}{6}\int_{u=10}^{u=115} u^{1/2} \,du\\ \amp=\left.\frac{1}{9}u^{3/2}\right|_{u=10}^{u=115}\\ \amp= \frac{1}{9} (115^{3/2}-10^{3/2})\approx 133.51\text{.} \end{align*}
##### 18.
\begin{equation*} \int_0^2 x^2 e^{(1-0.2x^3)} dx \text{.} \end{equation*}

#### 19.

Find an antiderivative $$F(x)$$ for $$f(x)=x^2(x^3+7)^3$$ such that $$F(0)=5\text{.}$$

Solution.

Let $$u=x^3+7\text{.}$$ Then $$du=6x^2 dx\text{.}$$

\begin{align*} \int (x^2 ) (x^3+7)^3 dx\amp=\frac{1}{6} \int u^3 du\\ \amp=\frac{u^4}{24}+c\\ \amp= \frac{(x^3+7)^4}{24}+c\\ F(0)\amp =5=\frac{(7)^4}{24}+c\\ c\amp =5-\frac{(7)^4}{24}4\\ F(x)\amp =\frac{(x^3+7)^4}{24}+5-\frac{(7)^4}{24}\text{.} \end{align*}

#### 20.

Find an antiderivative $$F(x)$$ for $$f(x)=(4x^3+5)\exp(x^4+5x-9)$$ such that $$F(0)=2\text{.}$$

#### 23.

The sales rate on a book is $$s(t)=1000t \exp(-t^2/4)\text{,}$$ with time in years.

1. What are the total sales over 10 years?

2. When does the sales rate drop to 10?

3. What is the maximum sales rate?

Solution.
1. Let $$u=-\frac{t^2}{4}\text{.}$$ Then $$du=-\frac{t}{2} dt\text{.}$$

\begin{align*} Sales\amp=\int_0^{10} 1000t e^{-t^2/4}dt=\int_0^{-25}-2000 e^u\,du\\ \amp=\left.-2000e^u)\right|_0^{-25}\\ \amp= 2000((1-e^{-25})\approx 2000\text{.} \end{align*}
2. \begin{align*} 10\amp =1000t e^{-t^2/4}\\ t\amp \approx 5.0028\text{.} \end{align*}
3. At $$t=1.454\text{,}$$ sales are approximately 857.4

#### 24.

The marginal profit on an item is $$Mp(q)=\frac{(100q)}{(q^2+1)}-2\text{,}$$ measured in thousands of dollars per thousands of units.

1. How much should I produce to maximize profits?

2. What is my profit function if my start up cost is \$60,000?

3. What is the maximum profit?