4.2. The for Loop¶
Back when we drew the images with turtle it could be quite tedious. If we wanted to draw a square then we had to move then turn, move then turn, etc. etc. four times. If we were drawing a hexagon, or an octagon, or a polygon with 42 sides, it would have been a nightmare to duplicate all that code.
In Python, the for statement allows us to write programs that implement iteration. As a simple example, let’s say we have some friends, and we’d like to send them each an email inviting them to our party. We don’t quite know how to send email yet, so for the moment we’ll just print a message out to the console to imitate the idea of emailing each friend.
Take a look at the output produced when you press the run button. There is one line printed for
each friend. Here’s how it works:
name in this
forstatement is called the loop variable or, alternatively, the iterator variable.The list of names in the square brackets is the sequence over which we will iterate.
Line 2 is the loop body. The loop body is always indented. The indentation determines exactly what statements are “in the loop”. The instruction in the loop body is performed one time for each name in the list.
On each iteration or pass of the loop, first a check is done to see if there are still more items to be processed. If there are none left (this is called the terminating condition of the loop), the loop has finished. Program execution continues at the next statement after the loop body.
If there are items still to be processed, the loop variable is updated to refer to the next item in the list. This means, in this case, that the loop body is executed here 7 times, and each time
namewill refer to a different friend.At the end of each execution of the body of the loop, Python returns to the
forstatement, to see if there are more items to be handled.
The overall syntax is for <loop_var_name> in <sequence>:
Between the words for and in, there must be a variable name for the loop variable. You can’t put a whole expression there.
A colon is required at the end of the line
After the word in and before the colon is an expression that must evaluate to a sequence (e.g, a string or a list). It could be a literal, or a variable name, or a more complex expression. In the example on this page, there is a literal list. You will see examples throughout this chapter that show other ways that a sequence can be specified in a for loop.
Although in this example there is only one instruction in the loop body, there are often multiple instructions.