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6.3. Index Operator: Working with the Characters of a String

The indexing operator (Python uses square brackets to enclose the index) selects a single character from a string. The characters are accessed by their position or index value. For example, in the string shown below, the 14 characters are indexed left to right from postion 0 to position 13.

It is also the case that the positions are named from right to left using negative numbers where -1 is the rightmost index and so on. Note that the character at index 6 (or -8) is the blank character.

school = "Luther College" m = school[2] print(m) lastchar = school[-1] print(lastchar)

The expression school[2] selects the character at index 2 from school, and creates a new string containing just this one character. The variable m refers to the result.

The letter at index zero of "Luther College" is L. So at position [2] we have the letter t.

If you want the zero-eth letter of a string, you just put 0, or any expression with the value 0, in the brackets. Give it a try.

The expression in brackets is called an index. An index specifies a member of an ordered collection. In this case the collection of characters in the string. The index indicates which character you want. It can be any integer expression so long as it evaluates to a valid index value.

Note that indexing returns a string — Python has no special type for a single character. It is just a string of length 1.

6.3.1. Index Operator: Accessing Elements of a List or Tuple

The syntax for accessing the elements of a list or tuple is the same as the syntax for accessing the characters of a string. We use the index operator ( [] – not to be confused with an empty list). The expression inside the brackets specifies the index. Remember that the indices start at 0. Any integer expression can be used as an index and as with strings, negative index values will locate items from the right instead of from the left.

When we say the first, third or nth character of a sequence, we generally mean counting the usual way, starting with 1. The nth character and the character AT INDEX n are different then: The nth character is at index n-1. Make sure you are clear on what you mean!

Try to predict what will be printed out by the following code, and then run it to check your prediction. (Actually, it’s a good idea to always do that with the code examples. You will learn much more if you force yourself to make a prediction before you see the output.)

numbers = [17, 123, 87, 34, 66, 8398, 44] print(numbers[2]) print(numbers[9-8]) print(numbers[-2])

prices = (1.99, 2.00, 5.50, 20.95, 100.98) print(prices[0]) print(prices[-1]) print(prices[3-5])

Check your understanding

What is printed by the following statements?

s = "python rocks"
print(s[3])

• t
• Index locations do not start with 1, they start with 0.
• h
• Yes, index locations start with 0.
• c
• s[-3] would return c, counting from right to left.
• Error, you cannot use the [ ] operator with a string.
• [ ] is the index operator.

What is printed by the following statements?

s = "python rocks"
print(s[2] + s[-4])

• tr
• Almost, t is at postion 2, counting left to right starting from 0; but r is at -5, counting right to left starting from -1.
• to
• For -4 you count from right to left, starting with -1.
• ps
• p is at location 0, not 2.
• nn
• n is at location 5, not 2.
• Error, you cannot use the [ ] operator with the + operator.
• [ ] operator returns a string that can be concatenated with another string.

What is printed by the following statements?

alist = [3, 67, "cat", [56, 57, "dog"], [ ], 3.14, False]
print(alist[5])

• [ ]
• The empty list is at index 4.
• 3.14
• Yes, 3.14 is at index 5 since we start counting at 0 and sublists count as one item.
• False
• False is at index 6.
• "dog"
• Look again, the element at index 3 is a list. This list only counts as one element.

Assign the value of the 34th element of lst to the variable output. Note that the l in lst is a letter, not a number; variable names can’t start with a number.

lst = ["hi", "morning", "dog", "506", "caterpillar", "balloons", 106, "yo-yo", "python", "moon", "water", "sleepy", "daffy", 45, "donald", "whiteboard", "glasses", "markers", "couches", "butterfly", "100", "magazine", "door", "picture", "window", ["Olympics", "handle"], "chair", "pages", "readings", "burger", "juggle", "craft", ["store", "poster", "board"], "laptop", "computer", "plates", "hotdog", "salad", "backpack", "zipper", "ring", "watch", "finger", "bags", "boxes", "pods", "peas", "apples", "horse", "guinea pig", "bowl", "EECS"] ===== from unittest.gui import TestCaseGui class myTests(TestCaseGui): def testOne(self): self.assertEqual(output, "laptop", "Testing that output value is assigned to correct value.") myTests().main()

Assign the value of the 23rd element of l to the variable checking.

l = ("hi", "goodbye", "python", "106", "506", 91, ['all', 'Paul', 'Jackie', "UMSI", 1, "Stephen", 4.5], 109, "chair", "pizza", "wolverine", 2017, 3.92, 1817, "account", "readings", "papers", 12, "facebook", "twitter", 193.2, "snapchat", "leaders and the best", "social", "1986", 9, 29, "holiday", ["women", "olympics", "gold", "rio", 21, "2016", "men"], "26trombones") ===== from unittest.gui import TestCaseGui class myTests(TestCaseGui): def testOne(self): self.assertEqual(checking, "leaders and the best", "Testing that checking has the correct element assigned.") myTests().main()

Assign the value of the last chacter of lst to the variable output. Do this so that the length of lst doesn’t matter.

lst = "Every chess or checkers game begins from the same position and has a finite number of moves that can be played. While the number of possible scenarios and moves is quite large, it is still possible for computers to calculate that number and even be programmed to respond well against a human player..." ===== from unittest.gui import TestCaseGui class myTests(TestCaseGui): def testThree(self): self.assertEqual(output, ".", "Testing that output value is assigned to correct value.") myTests().main()

Note

Why does counting start at 0 going from left to right, but at -1 going from right to left? Well, indexing starting at 0 has a long history in computer science having to do with some low-level implementation details that we won’t go into. For indexing from right to left, it might seem natural to do the analgous thing and start at -0. Unfortunately, -0 is the same as 0, so s[-0] can’t be the last item. Remember we said that programming languages are formal languages where details matter and everything is taken literally?

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