10.7. Chapter 10 - Summary

Chapter 10 included the following concepts from computing.

10.7.1. Summary of Python Keywords and Functions

  • def - The def keyword is used to define a procedure or function in Python. The line must also end with a : and the body of the procedure or function must be indented 4 spaces.

  • for - A for loop is a programming statement that tells the computer to repeat a statement or a set of statements. It is one type of loop.

  • print - The print statement in Python will print the value of the items passed to it.

  • range - The range function in Python returns a list of consecutive values. If the range function is passed one value it returns a list with the numbers from 0 up to and not including the passed number. For example, range(5) returns a list of [0,1,2,3,4]. If the range function is passed two numbers separated by a comma it returns a list including the first number and then up to but not including the second number. For example, range(1,4) returns the list [1, 2, 3]. If it is passed three values range(start,end,step) it returns all the numbers from start to one less than end changing by step. For example, range(0,10,2) returns [0,2,4,6,8].

  • while - A while loop is a programming statement that tells the computer to repeat a statement or a set of statements. It repeats the body of the loop while a logical expression is true.

10.7.2. Summary of Turtle Functions and Procedures

The table below shows the turtle functions and procedures that we have covered so far.

Name

Input

Description

backward

amount

Moves the turle backward by the specified amount

color

colorname

Sets the color for drawing. Use ‘red’, ‘black’, etc

forward

amount

Moves the turtle forward by the specified amount

goto

x,y

Moves the turtle to position x,y

left

angle

Turns the turtle counter clockwise by the specified angle

pendown

None

Puts down the turtles tail so that it draws when it moves

penup

None

Picks up the turtles tail so that it doesn’t draw when it moves

pensize

width

Sets the width of the pen for drawing

right

angle

Turns the turtle clockwise by the specified angle

setheading

angle

Turns the turtle to face the given heading. East is 0, north is 90, west is 180, and south is 270.

shape

shape name

Takes a shape name as a string to use for the turtle. The allowed values are “arrow”, “turtle”, “circle”, “square”, “triangle”, and “classic”.

stamp

None

Leaves a copy of the turtle shape at the current location

Turtle

None

Creates and returns a new turtle object

Note

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