Skip to main content\(\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}}
\newcommand{\va}{\mathbf{a}}
\newcommand{\vb}{\mathbf{b}}
\newcommand{\vc}{\mathbf{c}}
\newcommand{\vC}{\mathbf{C}}
\newcommand{\vd}{\mathbf{d}}
\newcommand{\ve}{\mathbf{e}}
\newcommand{\vi}{\mathbf{i}}
\newcommand{\vj}{\mathbf{j}}
\newcommand{\vk}{\mathbf{k}}
\newcommand{\vn}{\mathbf{n}}
\newcommand{\vm}{\mathbf{m}}
\newcommand{\vr}{\mathbf{r}}
\newcommand{\vs}{\mathbf{s}}
\newcommand{\vu}{\mathbf{u}}
\newcommand{\vv}{\mathbf{v}}
\newcommand{\vw}{\mathbf{w}}
\newcommand{\vx}{\mathbf{x}}
\newcommand{\vy}{\mathbf{y}}
\newcommand{\vz}{\mathbf{z}}
\newcommand{\vzero}{\mathbf{0}}
\newcommand{\vF}{\mathbf{F}}
\newcommand{\vG}{\mathbf{G}}
\newcommand{\vH}{\mathbf{H}}
\newcommand{\vR}{\mathbf{R}}
\newcommand{\vT}{\mathbf{T}}
\newcommand{\vN}{\mathbf{N}}
\newcommand{\vL}{\mathbf{L}}
\newcommand{\vB}{\mathbf{B}}
\newcommand{\vS}{\mathbf{S}}
\newcommand{\proj}{\text{proj}}
\newcommand{\comp}{\text{comp}}
\newcommand{\nin}{}
\newcommand{\vecmag}[1]{|#1|}
\newcommand{\grad}{\nabla}
\DeclareMathOperator{\curl}{curl}
\DeclareMathOperator{\divg}{div}
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\newcommand{\gt}{>}
\newcommand{\amp}{&}
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\)
A three-dimensional vector field evaluated along a surface