4.1. While Loops

When you play a song, you can set it to loop, which means that when it reaches the end it starts over at the beginning. A loop in programming, also called iteration or repetition, is a way to repeat one or more statements. If you didn’t have loops to allow you to repeat code, your programs would get very long very quickly! Using a sequence of code, selection (ifs), and repetition (loops), the control structures in programming, you can construct an algorithm to solve almost any programming problem!

A while loop executes the body of the loop as long as (or while) a Boolean condition is true. When the condition is false, we exit the loop and continue with the statements that are after the body of the while loop. If the condition is false the first time you check it, the body of the loop will not execute.

Notice the while statement looks a lot like an if statement, but it runs more than once. The curly brackets { } are optional when there is just 1 statement following the condition, but required if there are more than 1 statement in the loop. In the AP exam, they will always use curly brackets, which is a good practice to follow.

// if statements just run once if the condition is true
if (condition)
{
    statements;
}
// while statements are repeated while the condition is true
while (condition)
{
  statements;
}

Here’s what the flow of control looks like in a Java while loop. Notice that while the condition is true, the loop body is repeated.

Figure 1: Control Flow in a while Loop

The loop condition usually involves a loop control variable that controls when to stop the loop. The simplest loops are counter-controlled loops like below, where the loop variable is a counter that controls how many times to repeat the loop. There are 3 steps to writing a loop using this loop control variable as seen below in a loop that counts from 1 to 10.

Figure 2: Three Steps of Writing a Loop

Note

Remember these 3 steps to writing a loop:

1. Initialize the loop variable (before the while loop)

2. Test the loop variable (in the loop header)

3. Change the loop variable (in the while loop body at the end)

Coding Exercise

Here is a while loop that counts from 1 to 5 that demonstrates the 3 steps of writing a loop. Use the CodeLens to step through the execution. Can you change it to count from 2 to 10?

public class LoopTest1 { public static void main(String[] args) { // 1. initialize the loop variable int count = 1; // 2. test the loop variable while (count <= 5) { System.out.println(count); // 3. change the loop variable count++; } } } ==== import static org.junit.Assert.*; import org.junit.*;; import java.io.*; public class RunestoneTests extends CodeTestHelper { @Test public void testMain() throws IOException { String output = getMethodOutput("main"); String expect = "2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n"; boolean passed = getResults(expect, output, "Expected output from main"); assertTrue(passed); } }

Java doesn’t require your code to be correctly indented (code moved to the right a few spaces) to make it clear what statements are part of the body of the loop, but it is standard practice to do so.

Check your understanding

4-1-2: Consider the following code segment. Which of the following can be used as a replacement for the missing loop header so that the loop prints out “0 2 4 6 8 10”?

int count = 0;
/* missing loop header */
{
    System.out.print(count + " ");
    count += 2;
}

• while (count == 10)
• This would not print out anything because count = 0 at the start of the loop, so it never equals 10.
• while (count < 10)
• This would print out 0 2 4 6 8. Try it in the Active Code window above.
• while (count <= 10)
• Yes, try it in the Active Code window above.
• while (count > 10)
• This would not print out anything because count = 0 at the start of the loop, so it is not greater than 10.

4.1.1. Tracing Loops

A really important skill to develop is the ability to trace the values of variables and how they change during each iteration of a loop.

You can create a tracing table that keeps track of the variable values each time through the loop as shown below. This is very helpful on the exam. Studies have shown that students who create tables like this do much better on code tracing problems on multiple choice exams.

Figure 5: A trace table showing the values of all of the variables each time through the loop. Iteration 0 means before the loop.

Watch the following video for a tracing demo. When you are tracing through code, pretend to be the computer running the code line by line, repeating the code in the loop, and keeping track of the variable values and output.

Check your understanding

4-1-4: Consider the following code segment. What is count’s value after running this code segment? (To trace through the code, keep track of the variable count and its value through each iteration of the loop.)

int count = 1;
while (count <= 10)
{
    count *= 2;
}
count = count - 10;

• 0
• Count is changed inside the loop and after the loop.
• 1
• Count is changed inside the loop and after the loop.
• 16
• Don't forget to subtract 10 from count after the loop.
• 6
• Yes, the loop will keep multiplying count by 2 to get 2, 4, 8, 16 and then it subtracts 10 from 16 after the loop.

Step through the code above with the visualizer.

4-1-5: What does the following code print? (To trace through the code, keep track of the variable x and its value, the iteration of the loop, and the output every time through the loop.)

int x = -5;
while (x < 0)
{
   x++;
   System.out.print(x + " ");
}

• 5 4 3 2 1
• x is initialized (set) to -5 to start.
• -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
• x is incremented (x++) before the print statement executes.
• -4 -3 -2 -1 0
• x is set to -5 to start but then incremented by 1 so it first prints -4.

4.1.2. Common Errors with Loops

One common error with loops is infinite loops. An infinite loop is one that never stops (the condition is always true).

// an infinite loop
while (true)
{
   System.out.println("This is a loop that never ends");
}

The infinite loop above is pretty obvious. But, most infinite loops are accidental. They usually occur because you forget to change the loop variable in the loop (step 3 of a loop).

Another common error with loops is an off-by-one error where the loop runs one too many or one too few times. This is usually a problem with step 2 the test condition and using the incorrect relational operator < or <=.

Coding Exercise

The while loop should print out the numbers 1 to 8, but it has 2 errors that cause an infinite loop and an off-by-one error. Can you fix the errors? If you run an infinite loop, you may need to refresh the page to stop it (so make sure all active code windows on the page have been saved and click on Load History after refreshing).

public class LoopTest2 { public static void main(String[] args) { int count = 1; while (count < 8) { System.out.println(count); } } } ==== import static org.junit.Assert.*; import org.junit.*;; import java.io.*; public class RunestoneTests extends CodeTestHelper { public RunestoneTests() { super("LoopTest2"); } @Test public void test1() { String output = getMethodOutput("main"); String expect = "1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8"; boolean passed = getResults(expect, output, "Running main"); assertTrue(passed); } }

4.1.3. Input-Controlled Loops

You can use a while loop to repeat the body of the loop a certain number of times as shown above. However, a while loop is typically used when you don’t know how many times the loop will execute. It is often used for a input-controlled loop where the user’s input indicates when to stop.

Coding Exercise

The code below shows a simple chatbot on repl.it. The while loop stops when you type in “Bye”. The stopping value is often called the sentinel value for the loop. Notice that if you type in “Bye” right away, the loop will never run. If the loop condition evaluates to false initially, the loop body is not executed at all. Another way to stop the loop prematurely is to put in a return statement that makes it immediately return from the method.

Coding Exercise

Here’s another example with numbers on repl.it. This code calculates the average of positive numbers, but it is missing the condition for the loop on line 14. Let’s use -1 as the sentinel value. Add the condition to the while loop to run while the user does not input -1. What would happen if you forgot step 3 (change the loop variable - get a new input)? Try commenting out line 19 with // to see what happens (note there is a stop button at the top!).

There are standard algorithms that use loops to compute the sum or average like above, or determine the minimum or maximum value entered, or the frequency of a certain condition. You can also use loops to identify if some integers are evenly divisible by other integers or identify the individual digits in an integer. We will see a lot more of these algorithms in Unit 7 with loops and arrays.

4.1.4. Programming Challenge : Guessing Game

In the guessing game, the computer picks a random number from 0-100 and you have to guess it. After each guess, the computer will give you clues like “Too high” or “Too low”. Here’s the pseudocode for the guessing game. Pseudocode is an English description or plan of what your code will do step by step. What’s the loop variable for this program? Can you identify the 3 steps of writing this loop with respect to the loop variable?

1. Choose a random number from 0-100

2. Get the first guess

3. Loop while the guess does not equal the random number,

   • If the guess is less than the random number, print out “Too low!”

   • If the guess is greater than the random number, print out “Too high!”

   • Get a new guess (save it into the same variable)

4. Print out something like “You got it!”

As an extension to this project, you can add a counter variable to count how many guesses the user took and print it out when they guess correctly.

When you finish and run your program, what is a good guessing strategy for guessing a number between 0 and 100? What was your first guess? One great strategy is to always split the guessing space into two and eliminating half, so guessing 50 for the first guess. This is called a divide and conquer or binary search algorithm. If your guess is between 0-100, you should be able to guess the number within 7 guesses. Another extension to this challenge is to test whether the user got it in 7 guesses or less and provide feedback on how well they did.

For this project, you will need to use the Scanner class for input and repl.it or another IDE of your choice.

Copy and paste all of your code from your repl.it and run to see if it passes the autograder tests. Include the link to your repl.it code in comments. Note that this code will only run with the autograder’s input and will not ask the user for input.

// Copy in your link to your code on repl.it here: // Copy in all of your code from repl.it below (include import and public class Main) ==== import static org.junit.Assert.*; import org.junit.*; import java.io.*; public class RunestoneTests extends CodeTestHelper { public RunestoneTests() { super("Main", input1.replaceAll(" ", "\n")); // For Book //super("GuessingGame", input1.replaceAll(" ", "\n")); // For Repl.it } private static int goal = 1; private static String input1 = "100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0"; private static String input2 = "0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100"; private String output1, output2; @Test public void test1() { String input = input1.replaceAll(" ", "\n"); String output = getMethodOutputWithInput("main", input); output1 = output; String[] lines = output.split("\n"); boolean passed = lines.length >= goal; passed = getResults(">" + goal +" lines", "" + lines.length + " lines", "Outputs at least " + goal +" lines", passed); assertTrue(passed); } @Test public void test2() { String input = input2.replaceAll(" ", "\n"); String output = getMethodOutputWithInput("main", input); output2 = output; if (output1 == null) { input = input1.replaceAll(" ", "\n"); output1 = getMethodOutputWithInput("main", input); } boolean passed = !output1.equals(output2); passed = getResults("true", "" + passed, "Outputs different results for different inputs", passed); assertTrue(passed); } @Test public void test3() { String code = getCode(); int num = countOccurences(code, "if"); boolean passed = num >= 2; getResults("2", "" + num, "Number of if statements", passed); assertTrue(passed); } @Test public void test4() { boolean passed = checkCodeContainsRegex("while loop", "while(*)"); assertTrue(passed); } @Test public void test5() { String input = input1.replaceAll(" ", "\n"); int[] values = new int[10]; for (int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) { String output = getMethodOutputWithInput("main", input); values[i] = output.split("\n").length; } boolean passed = false; for (int i = 0; i < values.length-1; i++) { if (values[i] != values[i+1]) passed = true; } passed = getResults("true", "" + passed, "Guesses random numbers", passed); assertTrue(passed); } }

4.1.5. Summary

• Iteration statements (loops) change the flow of control by repeating a set of statements zero or more times until a condition is met.

• Loops often have a loop control variable that is used in the boolean condition of the loop. Remember the 3 steps of writing a loop:

  • Initialize the loop variable

  • Test the loop variable

  • Change the loop variable

• In loops, the Boolean expression is evaluated before each iteration of the loop body, including the first. When the expression evaluates to true, the loop body is executed. This continues until the expression evaluates to false which signals to exit the loop. If the Boolean expression evaluates to false initially, the loop body is not executed at all.

• A loop is an infinite loop when the Boolean expression always evaluates to true so that the loop never ends.

• Off by one errors occur when the iteration statement loops one time too many or one time too few.

• If the Boolean expression evaluates to false initially, the loop body is not executed at all.

• Input-controlled loops often use a sentinel value that is input by the user like “bye” or -1 as the condition for the loop to stop. Input-controlled loops are not on the AP CS A exam, but are very useful to accept data from the user.

• There are standard algorithms to compute a sum or average.

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